The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children

Presentation The exploration report examines if the foundation TV with grown-up content intrudes on a child’s conduct during a play. The analysts audit writing, lead an investigation on youngsters and get answers from surveys given to guardians to get the information.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The kids are 1, 2, and 3 years of age. The outcomes uncover that children’s conduct is impacted by the foundation TV. In spite of the fact that kids give little consideration to inconceivable grown-up content, their play is hindered by the foundation TV. The psychological turn of events and language advancement are influenced by interferences during child’s play. This paper sums up the exploration report to a limited extent 1, and gives recommendation on potential regions for research to some extent 2. The articl e inspects how foundation TV indicating grown-up content influences youthful children’s conduct when they are playing with toys. The exploration led writing survey and from that point a trial. Writing audit demonstrates that small kids give little consideration to grown-up TV substance and give extra consideration to kids TV programs. The consideration of the kid on the play object is diminished when there is varying media unsettling influence. The sort of TV programs that a kid is presented to over and again influences the advancement in language. As indicated by Schmidt et al. (1138), continuous play will bring about solid intellectual turn of events and expanded social abilities. The examination surveyed the degree of development in a child’s play, the period of time spent in a play and the gave consideration given to a particular article in a play. Brief period spent while playing a toy means that a formative issue. Consideration on a particular article is related with the inspiration of the kid. A child’s consideration on an item increments with age. More youthful kids have a restricted capacity to sift through undesirable boosts and support consideration on a particular play object.Advertising Looking for paper on brain research? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Development of consideration requires engaged and proceeded with consideration when the youngster was playing. The kid forsakes play to see the TV for some time. After the interference, the kid may forsake play and proceed onward to another playing object. In the event that they continue, their inspiration and consideration are decreased, henceforth they will lose the capacity to come back to same comprehension level. After writing survey, the analysts led an analysis. The trial included offspring of 12, 24 and three years old. The kids were watched for one hour as they played. During the initial 30 minutes, the TV indic ating grown-up content was left on. In the following 30 minutes, the kids played with toys when the TV was turned off. Other than being watched, the youngsters were additionally recorded. The members were chosen from the birth records of the state. The members didn't have hoop and visual hindrance. The consequences of the examination uncovered that the little youngsters were influenced by the foundation TV indicating grown-up content. At the point when the TV was on, the youngsters were not associated with concentrated play. They gave the toys less consideration and played for a brief period. The development in play was influenced little when contrasted and centered consideration. Social play was likewise diminished when the TV was on. Plus, the kids had the option to proceed with complex plays when the TV was off. After the TV was on, youngsters would in general view the TV commonly in the initial six minutes, and hardly any occasions following six minutes. The guardians were appro ached to abstain from starting a play or proposing toys for a play.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This suggests guardians focus on TV and possibly concentrate on the kids when they request it. The guardians likewise filled surveys. The polls enquired the child’s cooperation with the media. The degree of interference expanded with the occasions the youngster took a gander at the TV. Diminished inclusion in a play was related with a separation of regard for the TV. For more youthful youngsters, the plan of the play was hindered and in the wake of taking a gander at the TV, the kid can't remember consequently they proceed onward to another toy. Additionally, there was no particular contrast in foundation interference appeared between offspring of changed ages. Foundation TV hinders psychological procedure in youngste rs. Foundation TV can likewise be related with clamor, which interferes with the consideration of the youngster during a play. Foundation TV may likewise be related with constructive outcomes, for example, performing various tasks. Youngsters might have the option to tap performing multiple tasks aptitudes from the dangerous foundation TV. The investigation watched the member for quite a while, had various toys for playing during the analysis and chose the general ages for the member. Therefore, the TV affects the connection between the guardian and youngster when the parent is sitting in front of the TV. Turbulent home condition described by the clamor may influence the child’s advancement because of the continuous interferences at the hour of a play. The examination expected that kids are uncovered in their homes and that parental figures don't engage in a child’s play. Absence of the improvement in cognizance lessens a child’s status to go to class. The exami nation inferred that total effects of the interferences brought about by foundation TV may cause poor improvement in cognizance. The effects may likewise incorporate poor language advancement and the consideration issue. Along these lines, Schmidt et al. (1149) propose that foundation TV is an expected ecological hazard in the improvement of a child.Advertising Searching for article on brain science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More To catch up on the examination on the impacts of foundation TV on the toy play conduct of small kids, it is important to build up the effect of media introduction in the home condition to the youthful children’s intellectual turn of events. Ensuing exploration will address the inquiry: Is media introduction in the home condition a hazard factor for the poor subjective advancement in small kids? Psychological improvement shows the solid development of a youngster memory, language aptitudes, acknowledgment, critical thinking abilities and thinking. The inquiry will give a rule to the investigation to set up the level of media presentation for kids in the home condition and regions in youngster improvement that are influenced. In accordance with the article, the examination will build data on different zones other than consideration, development in play and length of play. The examination will explore issue language expertise, critical thinking capacity, memory and thinking proce ss. The example to be chosen for the examination will incorporate kids who are a few years of age. The kids will be given directions when playing to evaluate their capacity to support consideration when playing with and without guidelines. The quantity of toys for every youngster will be equivalent and all the kids will be permitted to play without guidance for 15 minutes. From there on, they will be given not many guidelines that are to be followed when playing for another time of 15 minutes. At long last, the kids will be given full guidelines to play with toys for 15 minutes. The youngsters will have varying media programs run in the initial eight minutes of each meeting. The spectators will record the child’s conduct as they play. The speculation to be tried is that under less obliteration, far reaching guidelines empower one to stay on task. Numerous directions make the kid focus on the fun loving exercises. Consideration is given if the kid has had the option to compreh end and ace the specialty of mindfulness. Those with mindful aptitudes stay on an errand for quite a while. A youngster with a decent improvement in memory, language aptitudes, acknowledgment and critical thinking abilities will have the option to take numerous guidelines. At the point when the guidelines are not many and the media program is interruptive, the youngster is probably going to lose consideration and proceed onward to different assignments. The examination will likewise uncover the degree where the media influence a youngster subjective improvement in the home condition. End Schmidt et al. (1137) participates in study to build up how foundation TV indicating grown-up content influences youthful children’s conduct when they are playing with toys. Their investigation which included examining the conduct of 12, 24 and three years old uncovered that foundation TV affected the psychological improvement of a kid. A child’s consideration on toys was diminished wh en the TV was on. Time went through with a toy was diminished since decimation made the youngster forsake a toy and continued with another toy. Play was persistent and thorough when the TV was off. The outcomes didn't show any unmistakable component of conduct that is slanted to age during the investigation. Work Cited Schmidt, Evans, Tiffany Pempe, Heather Kirkorian, Frankenfield Lund,  Daniel Anderson. â€Å"The impact of Background Television on the toy plays conduct of exceptionally youthful children.† Child Development 79. 4 (2008): 1137-1151. This paper on The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children was

The World Though the Prism of Ideas Impressionism as It Is

The World Though the Prism of Ideas Impressionism all things considered One of the world’s generally baffling and simultaneously exquisite part of expressions, impressionism, is both a puzzle and a response to it. Proposing individuals to investigate their own personalities, impressionism offered that the onlooker could join his vision of the world along with that one of the author.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The World Though the Prism of Ideas: Impressionism as It Is explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite its appearing effortlessness and motivating shapes, impressionism passes on the most entangled thoughts and bases on philosophical and social establishment that has a background marked by its own. Finding the thoughts fundamental the impressionists’ works of art, on can open the entire world before his/her eyes. Talking about the procedures that the specialists utilized in making their impressionism perfect works of art, one must note that the style which impressionists utilized followed fr om the impossible to miss vision of the world which impressionism assumed. Arranged solely on the thoughts and impression of the craftsmen, this style of painting couldn't be considered as a different pattern in visual expressions †this is somewhat a series of thoughts typified in artistic creations. Portrayed on the paper, the world image of impressionists transformed into the entryway to the next world †the existence where the truth blended in with the dreamlike to make one of the most unfathomable mixed drinks. As van Gunsteren clarified, We may, most importantly, surely rebate the more free or simply melodious utilization wherein impressionism implies anything ‘fanciful’, ‘disorderly’ or ‘illogical’. Having done as such, be that as it may, it is conceivable to infiltrate to a genuinely strong center of the new thoughts and strategies, which gave the gathering union even without the formalized guidelines of a ‘school’ of French painters. (29) Thus, clearly there is a whole other world to impressionism that simply misshaping the standard structures and shapes, transforming them into a confused something. With the influential thought out of sight, an impressionism painting acquires the significance of its own. With assistance of the impressionism vision, one can see the opposite side of the world, the psyche and the sub-genuine. Getting into the profundity of people’s minds, these pictures portray thoughts, not objects, which is the reason this style contrasts from what the humankind is utilized to such an extent. It is very impossible to miss that impressionists were a sort of dissidents in the circle of workmanship, violating every single imaginable law of painting to make the ones of their own. As indicated by Salvi, â€Å"The Impressionists broke numerous laments of scholastic work of art. One was their emphasis on working direct from experience† (16). This was the place the possi bility of the plein-air method showed up from †attempting to locate the correct condition to make the showstoppers of their own, impressionists attempted to break the limits of room, which drove them to making outdoors.Advertising Looking for article on craftsmanship and plan? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For them, painting didn't mean remaining away from plain view vulnerable light of a studio, yet taking easel, canvas and paints and working en plein air (outside). This gave their canvases a sentiment of suddenness, yet additionally required some new artwork methods. (Salvi 16) Monet offered an ideal case of what the plein-air technique for painting is. With his gem called The Japanese Bridge, the creator figured out how to speak to the new thought of craftsmanship, yet additionally the new way to make it with. Painted with the plein-air method, this was the substance of impressionism, the very soul of the new workman ship. Breathing with the new thoughts, this work of art blended the most abnormal considerations. Interesting and catching, this was the sort of artful culminations that grasped one and would not give up for another couple of hours. The creation required profound contemplations and intensive reflections to comprehend the thoughts fundamental it. Monet, Claude. The Japanese Bridge, c. 1919-24. http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4037/4487684298_ae67066942.jpg Another ideal example of the new style of painting was the Water-Lily Pond that can be viewed as the ideal start of the impressionists’ triumph. With assistance of the impossible to miss outside procedure and the strange, non-conventional way to deal with the craftsmanship, the impressionism exemplified in the Water-Lily Pond made a serious mix in the creative circles. This was another and unique method of communicating the thoughts without dreading of being misconstrued †for impressionism could be comprehended in a milli on of ways; everything relied upon the spectator.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The World Though the Prism of Ideas: Impressionism as It Is explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Monet, Claude. The Water-Lily Pond, 1899. http://claude-monet.org/artbase/Monet/1897-1899/w1509/apc.jpg Indeed, the new craftsmanship helped individuals to comprehend workmanship in its new shape. Covering up past the mask of the confused and the psyche, the works of art made by impressionists made individuals open their eyes and see the truth the manner in which it is. Now, the meaning of impressionism interlaces with tearing the universe of its cloak. Lying uncovered and bare before the craftsman, the world took the most staggering shapes, which were portrayed in the various impressionism works of art. Amazingly strange and simultaneously abnormally evident, these pieces kicked off something new in the circle of expressions, yet additionally in people’s live s. Considering the three speculations of craftsmanship which Frank proposes, one can see obviously the manner in which impressionism create as the time cruised by. Beginning from what further on was known as the hypothesis of portrayal, the new style formed into the â€Å"pure seeing†, which later on advanced into the â€Å"experimental aesthetics† (Frank 2006). Because of the natural and quick manner by which the thoughts of impressionism advanced, the last molded rapidly and in rather normal manner. Depending on their own vision of the world and their thoughts concerning individuals and nature, specialists typified their impressions into impossible to miss and interesting works of art. To comprehend the train of impressionists’ thoughts, one needs to think about the artworks by Monet as the author of the new aesthetic propensity. For example, his work of art Irises is simply the general thought of impressionism: Advertising Searching for article on workmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Monet, Claude. Irises. c. 1914-17. google.us/imglanding?q=Irises+c.+1914-17+monetum=1hl=rutbm=ischtbnid=mem7dkb2ZYMA6M:imgrefurl=flickr.com/photographs/28433765%2540N07/4472748537/imgurl=http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2754/4472748537_c7de218f2f.jpgw=373h=500ei=kQGoTfnOMsmXOqXEsYIJzoom=1iact=hcoei=kQGoTfnOMsmXOqXEsYIJpage=1tbnh=133tbnw=104start=0ndsp=25ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0biw=1280bih=595 To comprehend the substance of this particular vision, one needs to think about the expressive hypothesis. Painting their sentiments on the canvas, specialists could dispose of the eerie thoughts for some time. Be that as it may, at that point the need to tell the world significant facts negatively affected the craftsmen again†¦ Trying to respect â€Å"the motion of sensation in its totality†, as Holt splendidly noted, they made the universe of their own, the world that reflected the truth. In his creation Bathers at La Grenouillã ¨re, the craftsman additionally followed the acclaimed portr ayal style, with assistance of which he made the vast majority of his pieces. Like the remainder of his photos, this creation additionally included the popular plein-air strategy and followed the standards of the portrayal style. In any case, it must be conceded that this production of the incredible craftsman additionally fused a few components of the customary vision of the world too. Monet, Claude. Bathers at La Grenouillã ¨re 1869. oceansbridge.com/artworks/craftsmen/m/claude_monet/huge/Bathers_at_La_Grenouillere__1869.jpg Taking a more intensive gander at the image, one case that the craftsman veered off from the manner by which he started making the impressionist works. It has increased certain sociological significance, for it thinks about the general public as a rule rather that the sufferings of a person. Consequently, there are no questions that the impressionist thoughts were expanding as the experience of the specialists developed, and the range of the thoughts that cou ld be spoken with assistance of the canvases became progressively tremendous. This is the ideal time to begin discussing the proper hypotheses of impressionism. It can't be denied that the photos that followed Monet’s advancement in the realm of workmanship were for the most part propelled by the incredible creator of the Water-Lily Pond. In any case, there are no questions that the fundamental wellspring of the painter’s motivation originated from their perceptions of the world, their reflections and their philosophical way to deal with comprehend the idea of an individual and the spot the last takes in the incredible hover of life. In any case, it is incorrect to talk about conventional speculations as of something that fit impressionists’ thoughts immaculately once applied. It is smarter to propose that the proper methodology was to be customized to the thoughts of impressionism. Since the last assumed the forswearing of any standards whatsoever, the conventi onal methodology couldn't be applied to the canvases carefully. As Lanier noted, Although there are likenesses in their [impressionists’] craftsmanship, these specialists had no â€Å"formal theory† and â€Å"abandoned any fixed program.† They reduced the significance of subject matte, precluded the significance from claiming sort and exposed everything to the stamp of their own characters and sensibilities. (79) Morrisot, Berthe. Summer’s Day. c. 1879 allartclassi

President Bill Clinton Impeachment :: William Jefferson Clinton Essays

Meeting: Views on Clinton’s Impeachment The denunciation of Bill Clinton is one of the “weirdest scenes'; in our political history. He is the main chosen President of the United States ever to be brought about the section of prosecution (Johnson was not chosen, Nixon surrendered to forestall reprimand). The purpose behind his reprimand is that he lied under the vow during the declaration in the Paula Jones inappropriate behavior suit, and to fabulous jury during Monica Lewinsky examination. He even manhandled force and deceived the Congress trying to conceal a progression of careless activities, which brought about the section of four articles of reprimand. These occurrences later ended up being a political drama and finished with Clinton’s administration saved, however it is a drama that many trusted it could be keep from occurring. Clinton’s reprimand stood out as truly newsworthy news the country over since the time it was uncovered to the general population. Tragically, numerous individuals despite everything have far to comprehend what went on behind the nearby entryway of the prosecution. The dominant part don't have a thought if the Congress is making the correct move or not to impugn our President. Subsequently, many don't understand how the arraignment may influence our country strategically. To answer this, I directed a meeting with my secondary school material science educator, Mr. Arnold Burkert. I talked with him as an individual who unequivocally loathes the idea of Clinton’s reprimand. My objective of this meeting was to compose a paper about the indictment by utilizing general sentiment and disposition toward one of the “weirdest scenes'; in our political history. As an enhancement to this meeting and to compose this paper, news magazine articles identified with this task were likewise utilized as in a supporting job. The principal comment my teacher made in this meeting was that the Congress had made an awful judgment to pass the arraignment. He contemplated that Clinton dealt with a solid economy and increased solid endorsement in the national surveys. He trusts Clinton’s offenses were close to home and minor. In spite of the fact that his sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky was foolish conduct, the Constitution doesn’t have whatever says one ought to be indicted for crazy direct. The Constitution can possibly impugn President Clinton in the event that he perpetrates conspiracy, pay off, horrific acts, and misdeeds. Along these lines, he trusted Clinton’s inappropriateness isn't identified with the Congress or even us, the individuals, which implies his flawed activity isn't impeachable as indicated by the standards of the Constitution.

Current Events Relating to Past History Essay Topics

Current Events Relating to Past History Essay TopicsMost students are going to find that they will have a great deal of fun in their current events relating to past history essay topics. However, that does not mean that you will be able to use your ideas and thoughts in the exact way that they were intended.Writing an essay in a particular topic is not easy. Most students would think that a history essay is something that should be just given to a person and be done. However, as a result, many people make the mistake of thinking that the meaning of the essay has been written.As a result, many times a student will come up with many things and connections without ever knowing the reason behind it. They simply used the connection that came to mind. The question is do you write things that you want to use or write things that you need to use? The same applies to history essay topics.If you want to use your ideas in the right manner then you need to write things that are going to be meani ngful. If you are just looking for a story line or an answer then you need to refrain from this. Rather, you should make sure that you get to the heart of the matter.For example, if you are looking for information on a current event that occurred in the past and you are going to use that event in your writing you need to make sure that you examine what happened in that event. What was the end result of that event? Did someone survive and did the cause of the death of the people involved in the event?Once you know this, you can get to the crux of the event and then you can develop a story line about what happened during the event. This may not always work and so you need to be able to distinguish when it is necessary to use a different form of writing.Additionally, if you find that you have developed a good idea for your current events then you need to be able to use this idea in the proper context. In other words, you cannot use a recent incident to explain a historical event becaus e of the differences in the two events. In order to truly understand what you need to use in your history essay you will need to study your current events and your past events and come up with the story lines that fit the specifics of your current events.

Organizational Behavior, Science, The Real World And You

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High Incidence Of Breast And Cervical Cancer - 873 Words

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That is one woman every three minutes. At the same time 43,000 will die, at the rate of one every two minutes. The incidence of men diagnosed with breast cancer is rare, however it does occur. ApproximatelyRead MoreWhat Are Cervical Cancer?2935 Words   |  12 Pages Abstract (TBD) Background: What is Cervical Cancer? This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer Institute (â€Å"Cervical Cancer†, 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and PreventionRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Health Screening Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pagesevaluation of the benefits of screening can be very difficult. Primarily because of premature death from chronic diseases like breast and cervical cancer is comparatively rare and consequently very large sample sizes are necessary to detect benefits. It is also because endpoints such as mortality cannot be evaluated in short term studies, and over the long term, both the incidence and the treatments of diseases can change. Screening participants are al so self-selected and therefore cannot be assumed toRead MoreImportance Of Cervical Cancer Screening1278 Words   |  6 PagesTask Force (USPSTF) recommends cervical cancer screening with cytology testing (also known as a Pap Smear) every three years in women ages 21 to 65 (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2016a). The USPSTF has graded this recommendation with an â€Å"A† indicating that they have a high level of certainty that the screening will prove to be beneficial, rather than harmful to the patient (USPSTF, 2016a). However, if this patient would prefer to receive cervical cancer screening every five years

Male/Female Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Essay Example For Students

Male/Female Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Essay Male/Female Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Essay One of your male co-workers has a revealing photograph of a female on his desk at work. You ask him to remove the picture because it makes you feel uncomfortable. He does not remove the picture. Do you think this is a form of sexual harassment? According to Bertha Brooks, a speaker on the subject of sexual harassment, this scenario exhibits a form of sexual harassment. For many people sexual harassment implies different behaviors; there are people who believe this scenario would be far from any type of harassment. This study investigates the different perceptions of how men and women define sexual harassment. It may be a simple look, slight touch, or a verbal comment. Whatever the situation, there will be a variance in the degrees, as to what men and women constitute as being sexual harassment. Psychological texts on sexual harassment outline various forms of behavior ranging from quid pro quo demands for sexual services to hostile jokes and sexual innuendo (American Psychological Association, 1981, 1991). Sexual joking, touching, and patting may be considered unwelcome sexual attention to some, but not others (Gutek, Morasch, and Cohen, 1983). Women more often than men conclude that these forms of sexual harassment are serious and offending. Is there a difference between what men perceive as sexual harassment and what women consider sexual harassment? The purpose of this study is to determine if in fact there is a difference. According to earlier research, men and women would perceive and define sexual harassment differently (Ellison v. Brady, 1989). The findings that women define sexual harassment more broadly and inclusive than men is reliable (Ellison v. Brady). A significant difference between the sexes shows up both in surveys of working people and in scenario studies; fifty-nine percent of men rated sexual touching as sexual harassment whereas eighty-four percent of women (Dunwoody-Miller and Gutek, 1985). This study was conducted on a small northeast public college campus by four experimental psychology students. Before the actual research was done, twenty males and twenty females were pre-tested to see if the questionnaire, that was to be used for the actual research was a valid measure; one that would prove differences in perceptions between males and females beliefs on sexual harassment. After the data was collected, the researchers moved forward because they found differences between men and women. A total of one hundred subjects were then randomly chosen to participate in this study. They were given a questionnaire where they had to rate sexual harassment on a scale when given different scenarios. Previous research has uncovered gender-based differences in a variety of sexual harassment related issues. For example, females are much more likely than males to report that they experienced some form of unwelcome sexual attention (United States Merit Systems Protection Board, 1980, 1988). Moreover, females consistently define more social-sexual behaviors as sexual harassment than do males; Females believe that sexual harassment is a more frequent occurrence (Ronrod Gutek, 1986). The terrain of events called sexual harassment by some women and called normal or acceptable by men is vast. Women generally state that the subtle forms of sexual harassment are just as serious than the more extreme and obvious forms. Men and women often perceive sexual harassment situations differently (Gutek, 1985). As a result of our research the hypothesis of this study was: Men and women will not always agree on what constitutes sexual harassment. Women will perceive milder forms of harassment more than men. .

Teacher Cadet free essay sample

Ever since I was younger, I possessed unique individual qualities. I was always the girl in class who always reminded the teacher about homework, the one who never missed an assignment, and the one who always made the honor roll. In fact, I never settled for mediocre because I knew one day it will pay off. Throughout my educational career, I’ve learned that being yourself is the key to becoming successful. The world is filled with people attempting to duplicate someone which is why I’ve always pushed myself to be unique. I devote much time in expressing my individual capabilities. Whether it’s singing on the choir or going more in depth into my spirituality; I always leave room for me. I am a firm believer in devoting my time to my individualism. When a person knows there inner-self and can come to turns with their problems, it shows a high level of maturity. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher Cadet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For me, learning is the foundation for education. And without education there is just nothing to rely on. There is not a day that passes that I do not learn something new. Surrounding myself around a diverse group of people has a lot to do with as well. Over the past years, I have learned to value my diversity and how it affects my everyday life. For example, since enrolling in Teacher Cadet, I have learned so much about myself and peers that I probably would have never known until now. I’ve also learned priceless values that helped shape me into the person I am today. In most cases, we do not consider that learning is necessary to move forward in life. Honestly, learning is my passion as a young adult. There is so much in the world that I am not aware of. So when someone enlightens me on unfamiliar topics, I immediately become intrigued and interested. In actuality, I enjoy learning new things from leaders and teachers who want to see me succeed in life. Leadership is attained by mutual cooperation between multiple parties. Usually, people who follow need inspiration so they will be able to eventually model the person’s behavior. Leading is not an easy task. It takes much patience, diligence and effort to fully lead a crowd of people. Throughout my day, I take the challenge as being the leader in many different things. For one, I am a squad leader in JROTC. That is a huge responsibility when you are in control of a lot of individuals. I believe responsibility and leadership are closely related because you cannot have one without the other. In my short career, I have accomplished many things. I’ve been nominated for national society of high school scholars and received an invitation to the  People to People. Leadership Symposium. Without perseverance, I would not have been able to accomplish these things. I always strive to be the best and to the best. I love going the extra mile in everything I do. Many people do not enjoy volunteering in the community. Well, I love to volunteer my quality time to organizations in need. Being JROTC has sculpted me into a volunteer worker that actually enjoy helping people. You will be surprised the amount of help many organizations request. On many occasions, I’ve volunteered at the Crisis Ministry of Charlotte. Assisting with folding, unpacking and stocking shelves were some of the few things I did. It was an amazing experience. I met a lot of people who were welcoming and assisted me with anything I needed. Ultimately, I enjoy being myself. It’s what I do best. My success is not measured on how perfect I am but what I obtain in life. Although, I fall short of my goals every day, I still manage to keep going. There’s nothing worse than a person giving up on something they really want. When I decide to give up, there’s always that voice in the back of my head that says â€Å"Tytiana, Keep on keeping on.† And of course I have no choice but to listen. Being a leader and a learner has changed my entire outlook and attitude toward life.

Free Essays on Professional Orientation

Professional Orientation to Counseling According to Vacc and Loesch there is no quick and easy way to define or explain the term ‘counseling’, rather they consider the activity of mental health counseling complex, consisting of a number of assumptions. Counselors require a myriad of ‘helping skills’ from what are referred to as intentional and unintentional helping skills. Counselors can use and draw upon helping skills and therapeutic constructs to strengthen and refine their counseling skills. In chapter 4, Helping Skills are elaborated on and described to assist the new counselor. Skills of this nature are useful in all forms of counseling; I found chapter seven, Working with Groups to be interesting and could easily understand how a counselor using ‘helping skills’ could quite effectively facilitate group sessions. Chapter 9, focused on Assessment and Appraisal – again another very interesting topic. Understanding the need for assessments is critical for the new counselor. Assessments are not meant to be used alone, but in conjunction with other counseling methods, which can assist the counselor to understand the needs of the client while being able to choose appropriate counseling techniques. Research in professional counseling was not something I expected to come across at great length, but according to Vacc and Loesch, it is extremely important for counselors. Heppner, Kivlighan, and Wampold (1998) stated that as professionals we have a responsibility to not only promote wellness with our clients, but to stay abreast of human nature and the field of counseling. Traditional research methodology is not necessarily the preferred method of research for professional counselors. It seems that the ‘single-subject’ design is more beneficial in measuring and demonstrating the effectiveness of counseling. The elements of single-subject research are based on measuring change, connecting the change to a charac... Free Essays on Professional Orientation Free Essays on Professional Orientation Professional Orientation to Counseling According to Vacc and Loesch there is no quick and easy way to define or explain the term ‘counseling’, rather they consider the activity of mental health counseling complex, consisting of a number of assumptions. Counselors require a myriad of ‘helping skills’ from what are referred to as intentional and unintentional helping skills. Counselors can use and draw upon helping skills and therapeutic constructs to strengthen and refine their counseling skills. In chapter 4, Helping Skills are elaborated on and described to assist the new counselor. Skills of this nature are useful in all forms of counseling; I found chapter seven, Working with Groups to be interesting and could easily understand how a counselor using ‘helping skills’ could quite effectively facilitate group sessions. Chapter 9, focused on Assessment and Appraisal – again another very interesting topic. Understanding the need for assessments is critical for the new counselor. Assessments are not meant to be used alone, but in conjunction with other counseling methods, which can assist the counselor to understand the needs of the client while being able to choose appropriate counseling techniques. Research in professional counseling was not something I expected to come across at great length, but according to Vacc and Loesch, it is extremely important for counselors. Heppner, Kivlighan, and Wampold (1998) stated that as professionals we have a responsibility to not only promote wellness with our clients, but to stay abreast of human nature and the field of counseling. Traditional research methodology is not necessarily the preferred method of research for professional counselors. It seems that the ‘single-subject’ design is more beneficial in measuring and demonstrating the effectiveness of counseling. The elements of single-subject research are based on measuring change, connecting the change to a charac...

Platon's Allegory of the Cave. Reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Platon's Allegory of the Cave. Reaction - Essay Example According to the allegory tells of a story where there are prisoners put in a cave chained together from childhood each of them facing the wall. Behind them is a huge fire that causes shadows to be formed on the wall. Therefore the prisoners only see the shadow and according to the allegory the prisoners come to accept the shadow is real since they are unable to grasp the whole picture. They basically accept what they are accustomed to seeing. The shadows represent the messages given to the society by politicians, people in business and the media who control how we perceive things. There are many chains holding people prisoners in a cave for fear of cultural acceptance for instance when a political leader wants to spread propaganda. Many people would want just to believe â€Å"the shadow† projected to them rather than see the actual objects. After a while one of the prisoners is escapes captivity and this forces him to see the bigger picture of the cave. He is also made to move out of his familiar cave into the light which he painfully does. He is able to see the object casting the shadows these represents the things that influence our perceptions and sense of judgment. They include people in politics, media, and business, religious and educational leaders. Our leaders tell us what to believe they pass on to us their own ideologies for example our political leaders. Most people do not want to formulate their own opinions and would rather depend on what is projected for them Being accustomed to living in the cave moving out into the light is not easy. He has to adjust to bright sunshine light. His eyes slowly open up to accommodated the light and in parallel to accommodate a fundamental view of the world. The prisoner has a newer view of reality and is transformed. In the light the prisoner comes to see a deeper, clearer and a truthful reality influenced by reason. The sun refers to the good that comes with the beauty and is so eager to share this

Republican Party vs Democratic Party Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Republican Party vs Democratic Party - Essay Example The current chairman is Mike Duncan, the senate leader is Mitch McConnell and the house leader is John Boehner. As with all parties, this is divided into different sections to manage different platforms. The Republican National Committee promotes the party's campaign activities. Under this, the Republican National Convention is responsible for raising funds and planning future campaign strategies. Following a more conservative point of view relative to the American-Christian point of view, the party stands for more economic freedom including lower tax rates and limited government intervention. National Defense takes top priority and the Republican Party believes its Americas right to act against any threat they perceive is harmful for the country, like attacking Iraq on a vague hunch and without any potential evidence. The sleek and stealthy deer is making good progress. This party stands as the oldest party in America and up until 2004, it was also the largest political party in America as well. It traces its roots back to Thomas Jefferson who was the co-founder with other important personalities back in 1972 (Democratic Vision, 2008). The present chairman of the party is Howard Dean with Harry Reid as the senate leader and Nancy Pelosi (speaker) and Steny Hoyer (Majority Leader) of the House. Structure The promotion of democratic campaign activities is the responsibility of the Democratic National Committee. It supervises the Democratic National Convention during presidential elections. However, the national convention is the one which has ultimate authority once the party is elected and the national committee is the one in authority when it is not elected. Ideology The party supports social liberalism and progressiveness. This is the reason for its being so popular because it draws loyalty of all types of demographic population in America. Throughout its history, the party has brought relief for the common and relatively struggling man like farmers and laborers. Recently though, the voting majority consists of social liberalists who are in the upper middle class and are well aware of their surroundings. These people prefer a more socially free platform of living their lives as opposed to the Republican Party which takes a much more religious approach. They favor moderate to high spending and a less intrusive enterprise system to work freely. The party strongly holds the opinion of the role of the government to completely eliminate poverty through progressive taxation. Works Cited Robert Allen Rutland. The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush. University of Missouri Press, 1996 DNC Services Corporation. The Democratic Vision. The Democratic

Load Sheding In Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Load Sheding In Pakistan Essay There are number of problems which exist in Pakistan,among these problem Load sheeding is the one major problem of Pakistan .There are several reasons of Load shedding.Here we discussed few of them and then its effect on the Pakistan.The first main reason of load shedding is energy crisis,these crisis are due to small number of dams or may be due to miss use of electricity or may be some other reasons also effect,a huge number of person used electricity without pay its bill so it also cause load shedding in Pakistan. In presence of load shedding progress is not possible in Pakistan.Here we also discussed about some problem which happens due to Load shedding.load shedding in pakistan essay is discussed here. The first problem which happened due to load shedding is the failure of industry in Pakistan .This effect badly on all types of industry.In mini industry there is no alternative source of electricity so when load shedding started these industries stop their work.In big industry although they have a source of electricity but if they produce electricity from their own source then its cost become very high.So due to this work is not done in any type of industry.But the mot badly effected industry is the electronic industry.So due to this no investor invest on industry in Pakistan and day by bay Pakistan goes down rapidlly. Another problem which exist due to load shedding is the business in markets due to this markets also effected, no work done mostly in night time.Although many problems occurred in day time but some business has to be done but in night time all shops in markets closed.So economically its has very worst effect on Pakistan.As every one know that students are ingredient for the progress of any country but major bad effect occurred on studies is due to load shedding, students do not decide proper time for their studies. Basically Pakistan is a agricultural country most of Pakistan economy depend on its agriculture Due to load shedding , water problem damaged the crops.There are many other aspect through which load shedding effect on agriculture.

Images and Imagery in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

Imagery in Macbeth    The Bard of Avon considers imagery one of many elements in his tragedy Macbeth which give underpinning to the theme of the drama. The imagery might be said to be not a goal in itself but a means to an end. In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows how the playwright uses imagery to reinforce the theme: This theme is at its clearest where we are most in sympathy with the nemesis. Thus at the end of Macbeth, after the proclamation "the time is free," and of promises to make reparations of Macbeth's tyranny "Which would be planted newly with the time," there will be a renewal not only of time but of the whole rhythm of nature symbolized by the word "measure," which includes both the music of the spheres and the dispensing of human justice [. . .]. (94-95) In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson interprets the imagery of Macbeth: Macbeth is a play in which the poetic atmosphere is very important; so important, indeed, that some recent commentators give the impression that this atmosphere, as created by the imagery of the play, is its determining quality. For those who pay most attention to these powerful atmospheric suggestions, this is doubtless true. Mr. Kenneth Muir, in his introduction to the play - which does not, by the way, interpret it simply from this point of view - aptly describes the cumulative effect of the imagery: "The contrast between light and darkness is part of a general antithesis between good and evil, devils and angels, evil and grace, hell and heaven . . . and the disease images of IV, iii and in the last act clearly reflect both the evil which is a disease, and Macbeth himself who is the disease from which his country suffe... ...e's Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1970. Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967. Kermode, Frank. "Macbeth." The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972. Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin. Warren, Roger. Shakespeare Survey 30.   N.p.: n.p., 1977. Pp. 177-78. Rpt. in Shakespeare in the Theatre: An Anthology of Criticism. Stanley Wells, ed. England: Oxford University Press, 2000. Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Kelley School of Business Essay

Business has had a captivation over my intellectual interests ever since my freshmen year of high school. I chose to be independent and wanted to make my own path in my field of my interests and hence chose finance. I wish to make an impact on the business world and also be a successful entrepreneur. I have started early and taken the steps to ensure my success in the field. I have always liked subjects like mathematics, accounting and management and this is why I chose to major in Business. This is my 2nd semester at Kelley and I started off with my intention to major in Finance. But after exploring more opportunities I plan to major in Accounting and Finance with a minor in Economics. I then plan to work in a financial institution for couple of years and prepare for GMAT simultaneously. I want to get into the best Business school for my MBA. Furthermore, I plan to work at a good position in a good institution and reach the top level management of that institution. My goal is to bec ome a CFO of a company. I have always been involved in a lot of intra-collegiate and inter-collegiate festivals in high school. I have performed duties of a Division Representative, Contingent Leader, etc. and represented my high school/junior college in city-level festivals. I have managed to win one of Mumbai’s (India) biggest inter-collegiate festival. I am an active member of the International Club, Indian Students Advisory Council (ISAC), Indian Students Cultural Association (ISCA) and Student Activities Programming Board (SAPB) at IUPUI. I have performed a dance and walked the ramp for ISAC’s biggest festival here on campus. Additionally, I have volunteered to walk the ramp for International Club’s biggest event of the year, ‘International Fashion and Cultural Show’. I also plan on applying for the Advertising Officer position for International Club and Cultural Secretary position for ISAC. I love volunteering and I think it’s a really good way to serve the community. I have volunteered for 5 medical camps back in Mumbai and have also been a part of a NGO i.e., Once again green. We basically looked for the greenery in the city and planted new trees every weekend. At IUPUI I have volunteered at the Boys and Girls Club of Indianapolis which was my best experience so far. Also, I have volunteered for IUPUI Flag corps. Recently, I volunteered for MLK day of service and felt attached to the community. Furthermore, I have registered to volunteer for the Kelley Career Fair on Feb 12th, 2012. Well, I am taking 18 credit hours this semester. I do have a scholarship of $4,000 every semester but my dad still ends up paying $14,000. Being an International Student our fees is much more than the In-State students it becomes really expensive. My dad also pays for my rent and personal expense which comes to about $1000-1200 every month. Hence, I am applying for various scholarships and programs which can help me pay my tuition fee and reduce the burden on my dad. Furthermore, I am looking for more job opportunities to get hands on experience and get my personal expenses covered. I am a direct admit to the Kelley School of Business. I have also been awarded Dean’s Recognition Scholarship of $32,000 for 4 years. I successfully secured a GPA of 3.614 in my first semester of my freshman year and hence I was fortunate enough and gain recognition to be admitted to Kelley School of Business, Dean’s Honor List. In addition, I have been invited to be a member of the National Society of Collegiate Scholars (NSCS). I have been dedicated to Kelley school throughout. I have also been asked by my Kelley Academic Advisor to be interviewed for a video and printed material to recruit other International students.

Pollution law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3113 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ecology Essay Topics: Act Essay Pollution Essay Did you like this example? Question 1 Introduction We will consider water and air pollution. We will look at what causes harm to each of these media. We will then move on to consider the legal provisions in place to counteract or prevent that harm. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pollution law" essay for you Create order Water This is mainly concerned with inland and coastal waters and the quality of these water bodies. Water quality can be affected by natural events or by the actions of people. Firstly, natural events like heavy rainfall and flooding can create pollution problems from farm runoff. Conversely, drought can cause problems with pollutants being more concentrated. Generally, however, the main kinds of harm that lead to water pollution are caused by individuals or organisations. The harm is mainly as a result of discharge to water and can be as a result of intentional actions like littering, fly tipping, or dumping waste. The most common is discharges to water, from sewage works, the content of which is highly polluting. Other discharges to water can be from industries. This may involve toxic or organic pollutants being discharged into water. This can also involve Leachate from waste sites. Agricultural water pollution is another source of pollution, which can lead to pesticides or fertiliser being passed into water streams. In addition, farming can also contaminate groundwater, through the means of sheep dips. â€Å"Agriculture is the number one polluter of water in the country† [1] was the chilling finding of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food (2002). Other sources of water pollution is the often much publicised oil and fuel spills that happen from time to time. These may be caused by accidents. Accidents in the transporting of sometimes hazardous substances can also end up in the water streams or ocean. Damage through accidents may not involve toxic substances but a great deal of harm can be caused by â€Å"innocent substances† like milk and apple juice. The impact that these substances may have will vary depending on the amount of the substance being released and the location where they are discharged. It is important to note that we generally consider water pollution to arise where water is rendered unfit for use â₠¬â€œ either for human consumption or aquatic life. The focus of this aspect of environmental law is not just pollution to water but also the setting of desired standards of water quality. Legal controls over water quality and pollution The body responsible for water quality in England is the Environmental Agency (EA). The main statutory instrument that applies is the Water Resources Act, 1991 (WRA, 1991). In addition, EC law is increasingly affecting the practices in England. The EC Water Framework Directive[2] is expected to have a large impact on all aspects of pollution control and water quality management. Indirectly, international law also applies, especially in terms of treaties and the UK’s obligations under these treaties. We will now look into the legal controls more closely. Firstly it is necessary to consider the quality of the public water supply. This is controlled by the Water Industry Act 1991(WIA,1991), s67 and the Water Supply (Quality) Regulations 2 000[3]. These provide that domestic water must be wholesome. Enforcement orders issued by the Secretary of State are the main means of enforcement, and fines may be issued against Water supply companies for breaching these provisions. The WIA, 1991, s70 makes it an offence to supply water that is unfit for human consumption.[4] Secondly, we will look at the WRA, 1991. This act put in place the requirement for consents to be obtained from the EA in the following circumstances: A discharge of trade or sewage effluent into controlled waters; A discharge of trade or sewage effluent through a pipe from land into the sea outside the limits of controlled waters; Any discharge where a prohibition is in force. S85 of the WRA, 1991 provides that it is an offence to â€Å"cause or knowingly permit† a discharge. Having consent and observing the terms and conditions of the consent will be a defence to this provision. Trade effluent includes effluent from trade premises which includes agricultural, fish farming and research establishments. [5]Sewage effluent includes any effluent from sewerage works, but excludes surface water. [6] Discharge is not defined in the act and could conceivably cover accidental discharges into water as well as intentional discharges. Controlled waters are defined in s104 of the act and include most inland and coastal water. Inland water includes rivers, streams, underground streams, canals, lakes and reservoirs (even if they are temporarily dry). Groundwater which is water that is contained in wells and boreholes and in any underground strata are also within the definition. A river bed[7] and a man made ditch that drains into controlled waters[8] have both b een held to constitute controlled waters. Streams that have been diverted from their original water course are also considered controlled waters.[9] A prohibition was introduced by the Water Act, 1989, s86, and it prohibited certain discharges. These include discharges of substances that are prescribed by regulations and include dangerous substances. The EA may make annual charges for discharge consents under the Environment Act, 1995[10]. This covers some of its costs incurred in managing water resources. Consents must be applied for in compliance with the WRA, 1991 and Control of Pollution (Applications, Appeals and Registers) Regulations 1996[11]. For the protection of groundwater, the Groundwater Regulations 1998 [12] set out the consent requirements. It is now necessary to consider water pollution. S85 (1) of the WRA, 1991 creates a general offence of causing or knowingly permitting any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter controlled waters. Defences are set out in s88, and include discharge consents from the EA. In addition, s89 provides that in an emergency it is possible to discharge into controlled waters in order to avoid danger to life or health. If this occurs the EA must be informed of this as soon as reasonably practical and the discharger must also take reasonable steps to minimise pollution. This defence was successful in the case of Express Ltd (t/a Express Dairies Distribution) v Environmental Agency[13]. The offence relates to causing and knowingly permitting. Causing is subject to strict liability as no knowledge is required. In the case of Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [14] it was held that if the activities cause pollution, it is only necessary for the activities themselves to be intentional. Knowingly permitting is not subject to strict liability as knowledge is required. It is now important to mention The Water Framework Directive[15] which will be phased in over a number of years. It will require a fun damental change in existing law. Its man aims are to prevent deterioration and protect aquatic ecosystems; promote sustainable water consumption by protecting available water resources; progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances; reduce groundwater pollution and prevent further pollution an to provide good quality surface and groundwater. Finally, we will briefly consider international law, which mainly relates to marine waters. This is contained in international treaties the main one concerning the UK is from the 1992 OSPAR Convention, which made the Declaration of the International North Sea Conference and the Hazardous Substance Strategy. Parties to this convention are bound to make every endeavour to move toward the target of cessation of discharges, emissions and losses of hazardous substances by 2020. Air Most of the sources of air pollution are man made. The burning of some fossil fuels releases sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. T his occurs mainly from coal fired power stations and the burning of marine fuel on container ships and oil tankers. Another main contributor to air pollution is carbon emissions, mainly from vehicles, power stations and industrial processes. Indeed vehicles are responsible for releasing lead into the atmosphere through leaded petrol and also chemicals released from diesel emissions. Also, vehicle exhaust gases can release Volatile Organic Compounds into the atmosphere. Another source is the release of CFCs from aerosol sprays and refrigerants in fridges and air-conditioning units. These gases contribute to ozone depletion and therefore increase ultraviolet radiation levels. In addition the production and transporting of coal, natural gas and oil can emit methane. This can also be emitted from landfill sites. Natural processes causing air pollution are volcanic eruptions, wildfires and methane gas from herds of cattle. Air pollution can cause acid rain, which can kill fish, birds and plant life and even destroy buildings. Air pollution also causes climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, air pollution can also be harmful to humans as it has been linked to respiratory problems, cancer and brain damage. Now it is necessary to consider the mechanisms in place to control air pollution. Legal controls to control and prevent air pollution. The first known legal controls over air quality took place in 1273 when Edward I introduced the first controls over smoke in London. Today the law that is applicable is a combination of international, EC and national law. As air pollution creates international problems like transboundary pollution, ozone depletion and more latterly, climate change, international negotiated agreements are a main source of the law in this area. The first main case involving Transboundary pollution was the so called Trail Smelter case [16] which concerned pollution from a Canadian smelter which caused destruction to crops and forests over the border in the US. An attempt to control air pollution between neighbours was The Geneva Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution in 1979.The treaty came into force in 1983 and sets out principles of cooperation and joint research. Ozone protection has been dealt with by the 1985 Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer. Climate change has been addressed by the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change. As a result of these conventions, protocols have been developed to combat the problems identified, in the form of specific measures to combat the problem. Likewise, the EC has now become a major force in determining air quality standards. This has been achieved through a series of directives specifying air quality limits for particular substances and controlling emissions from transport, industry and power stations. In addition the EC has voluntary agreements with car manufacturers and EU wide emissions trading schemes. The Secretar y of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has a legal duty to comply with the European air quality standards. This has been delegated to the Environmental Agency and local authorities which operate pollution control powers. The National Air Quality Strategy is the main policy in this are of the law. It contains two standards for identified pollutants, namely a general target standard and an alert threshold. The general standard forms a long term objective for policies and legislation. The alert threshold triggers the need for specific remedial action when it is exceeded. Under the strategy local authorities undertake air quality assessments and take action where the objectives are not being met. They also have control over emissions of dark smoke and fumes under various statutes. Finally, the UK has adopted economic instruments to control greenhouse gas emissions. This is in the form of the Climate Change Levy and the UK Emissions Trading Scheme. Other voluntary agreeme nts like Climate Change Agreements have been adopted. Question 2 Report: Prepared by Legal Environmental Consultant’s Limited To: The Board of Directors of Transglobal Enterprises plc Topic: Environmental Legal Aspects of British Metal and Waste Corporation plc (MBWC) This report will cover two specific problems identified. It will deal with each separately. (a) The first part of the report examines the planning permission to extend the use of Gawshope Quarry. This is presently the subject of a High Court application by a local pressure group who wish the permission to be quashed on the following grounds:- firstly, the wrong criteria were used in granting the permission in relation to EC and UK law and secondly, that the National Waste strategy had been ignored. It is necessary to consider the grounds of the appeal, to estimate the likelihood of its success. Firstly, in regard to EU and UK law. The Landfill Directive[17] concerns the design, operation and aftercare for landfill sites. It set targets for the reduction of the amount of biodegradable municipal waste put into landfills by imposing three stages of reduction. The Landfill Regulations (England and Wales) 2002 [18] implemented the requirements of the directive to UK law. Secondly, the National Waste Strategy (NWS) is contained in Waste Strategy 2000 for England and Wales[19]. It was produced as a result of the Environment Act 1995 inserting a requirement to produce a NWS under s44A of the Environmental Protection Act 1995. The overall aim of the NWS is to make decisions in line with the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) for particular wastes. Article 8(b) of the Landfill Directive (99/31) places an obligation on member states to ensure that any landfill project is in line with the NWS. This must be considered when planning permission is applied for. In the case of R (On the application of Blewett) v Derbyshire CC[20] the facts were analogous to the present case. Planning permission was granted to extend a landfill site and a local resident applied to court to have it quashed on the grounds that the local authority had failed to assess whether the proposed landfill was the BPEO for waste disposal. The Court of Appeal found that the policies in the Strategy were not determinative and it was not required before granting planning permission that the BPEO is achieved. The reason for this is that the BPEO is not overriding. In this case the Court of Appeal refused to interfere with the High Courts findings that the local planning authority had failed to demonstrate that they had given sufficient weight to the BPEO. Conclusion Without knowing the particular facts of the application for an extension of Gawshope Quarry, it is difficult to advise on the chances of success. Suffice it to say, that in the light of Blewett’s case it seems clear that a planning authority is required to understand the policies in the NWS and attach sign ificant weight to the achievement of these policies. It should then consider if there are more important considerations which outweigh the attainment of these objectives. (b) This part of the report concerns the pending prosecution of BMWC for alleged offences under the Water Resources Act 1991. The steelscale plant in Cumbria had an accident and this resulted in discharges which blocked a stream. This caused the course of the stream to be altered and flooding occurred. In addition contaminants in the discharge caused chemical levels in the stream to rise beyond safety levels under drinking water legislation. Under the Water Resources Act, 1991 s85 (1) it is an offence to cause or knowingly permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter controlled waters. We will look at each element of this section to determine if an offence has been committed. Firstly, controlled waters are defined in s104 of the act and include most streams in the UK includ ing the stream in question. Secondly, there is no definition in the act of poisonous, noxious or polluting matter. In the case of R v Dovermoss Ltd [21] polluting was given the very wide meaning of the potential to cause harm to animals, plants or those who use the water. Actual harm is not necessary. The fact of the pollution is what is prevented in this act – i.e. the discharge or entry of polluting matter into the stream. On the face of it contaminants in this particular discharge would be considered polluting at the very least if not poisonous or noxious. Thirdly, the requirement of causing must be considered. This lays down a requirement of strict liability as no knowledge is required. An important case is the case of Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [22] where it was held that Alphacell was guilty of causing pollution merely by carrying on the activity that caused the pollution. All that is necessary is the intention to carry on the activities, and then to show a causal link between the activities and the discharge. In our case, BMWC did carry on the activity that caused the pollution. It may be possible to argue that its activities were not the cause of the pollution. In Empress Car Company (Abertillery) Ltd v National Rivers Authority [23] Lord Hoffman stated that †the true common sense distinction is, in my view, between acts which although necessarily foreseeable in the particular case, are in the generality a normal and familiar fact of life, and acts or events which are abnormal and extraordinary.† Whether the accident in this particular case could be foreseeable would depend on what kind of accident it was and whether it was normal or acceptable accident in the steelscale industry. Fourthly the requirement of knowingly permitting will briefly be considered. This occurs where a person knowingly permits and applies when knowledge of the activity occurs and no action is done to prevent the harm. Company directors can be guilty of wat er pollution offences under this section in addition to any charges brought against the company. This will occur when there is consent, dishonesty or neglect on the part of the directors of the company. This is under s217(1) of the Water Resources Act, 1991. In addition, the company can also be held vicariously liable for the acts of its employees, as was held in the case of National Rivers Authority v Alfred McAlpine Homes East Ltd[24] in regard to offences under the WRA, 1991. There are defences to the provisions of the above section. One of these is if the offender is the holder of discharge consent from the EA, and is acting in accordance with that consent. Another defence is if the offender holds an IPC authorisation or an IPPC permit. A third defence is where the offender holds a waste management licence or waste disposal licence unless the offence is discharging trade or sewerage effluent or where a prohibition is in force. Conclusion It seems that the requirements o f strict liability would make the chance of a prosecution against the BMWC succeeding. It should be investigated whether any of the above defences are available to BWMC. If not, it seems likely that any prosecution would succeed against the company. Bibliography Bell, S and McGillivray, D: Environmental Law (6th Edition). Oxford University Press, 2006. www.lawtel.co.uk www.westlaw.co.uk www.defra.gov.uk www.ukela.org Footnotes [1] Farming and Food: A Sustainable Future (2002), p.68. [2] (2000/60/EC) [3] SI 200/3184 [4] R v Yorkshire Water Services Ltd [2002] Env LR 18 [5] WRA, 1991, s221 [6] WRA, 1991, s221 [7] National Rivers Authority v Biffa Waste [1996] Env LR 227 [8] Environmental Agency v Brock plc [1998] Env LR 607 [9] R v Dovermoss Ltd [1995] Env LR 258. [10] S41-42 [11] SI 1996/2971 [12] SI1998/2746 [13] [2003] Env LR 29 [14] [1972] AC 824 [15] 2000/60/EC [16] US v Canada (3 RIAA 1907 (1941) ) [17] 1999/31/EC [18] SI 2002/1559 [19] Cm 4693, 2000 [20] [2005] Env LR 15 [21] [1995] Env LR 258 [22] [1972] AC 824 [23] [198] Env Lr 36 [24] [1994] 4 All ER 286