Images and Imagery in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

Imagery in Macbeth    The Bard of Avon considers imagery one of many elements in his tragedy Macbeth which give underpinning to the theme of the drama. The imagery might be said to be not a goal in itself but a means to an end. In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows how the playwright uses imagery to reinforce the theme: This theme is at its clearest where we are most in sympathy with the nemesis. Thus at the end of Macbeth, after the proclamation "the time is free," and of promises to make reparations of Macbeth's tyranny "Which would be planted newly with the time," there will be a renewal not only of time but of the whole rhythm of nature symbolized by the word "measure," which includes both the music of the spheres and the dispensing of human justice [. . .]. (94-95) In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson interprets the imagery of Macbeth: Macbeth is a play in which the poetic atmosphere is very important; so important, indeed, that some recent commentators give the impression that this atmosphere, as created by the imagery of the play, is its determining quality. For those who pay most attention to these powerful atmospheric suggestions, this is doubtless true. Mr. Kenneth Muir, in his introduction to the play - which does not, by the way, interpret it simply from this point of view - aptly describes the cumulative effect of the imagery: "The contrast between light and darkness is part of a general antithesis between good and evil, devils and angels, evil and grace, hell and heaven . . . and the disease images of IV, iii and in the last act clearly reflect both the evil which is a disease, and Macbeth himself who is the disease from which his country suffe... ...e's Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1970. Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967. Kermode, Frank. "Macbeth." The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972. Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin. Warren, Roger. Shakespeare Survey 30.   N.p.: n.p., 1977. Pp. 177-78. Rpt. in Shakespeare in the Theatre: An Anthology of Criticism. Stanley Wells, ed. England: Oxford University Press, 2000. Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Kelley School of Business Essay

Business has had a captivation over my intellectual interests ever since my freshmen year of high school. I chose to be independent and wanted to make my own path in my field of my interests and hence chose finance. I wish to make an impact on the business world and also be a successful entrepreneur. I have started early and taken the steps to ensure my success in the field. I have always liked subjects like mathematics, accounting and management and this is why I chose to major in Business. This is my 2nd semester at Kelley and I started off with my intention to major in Finance. But after exploring more opportunities I plan to major in Accounting and Finance with a minor in Economics. I then plan to work in a financial institution for couple of years and prepare for GMAT simultaneously. I want to get into the best Business school for my MBA. Furthermore, I plan to work at a good position in a good institution and reach the top level management of that institution. My goal is to bec ome a CFO of a company. I have always been involved in a lot of intra-collegiate and inter-collegiate festivals in high school. I have performed duties of a Division Representative, Contingent Leader, etc. and represented my high school/junior college in city-level festivals. I have managed to win one of Mumbai’s (India) biggest inter-collegiate festival. I am an active member of the International Club, Indian Students Advisory Council (ISAC), Indian Students Cultural Association (ISCA) and Student Activities Programming Board (SAPB) at IUPUI. I have performed a dance and walked the ramp for ISAC’s biggest festival here on campus. Additionally, I have volunteered to walk the ramp for International Club’s biggest event of the year, ‘International Fashion and Cultural Show’. I also plan on applying for the Advertising Officer position for International Club and Cultural Secretary position for ISAC. I love volunteering and I think it’s a really good way to serve the community. I have volunteered for 5 medical camps back in Mumbai and have also been a part of a NGO i.e., Once again green. We basically looked for the greenery in the city and planted new trees every weekend. At IUPUI I have volunteered at the Boys and Girls Club of Indianapolis which was my best experience so far. Also, I have volunteered for IUPUI Flag corps. Recently, I volunteered for MLK day of service and felt attached to the community. Furthermore, I have registered to volunteer for the Kelley Career Fair on Feb 12th, 2012. Well, I am taking 18 credit hours this semester. I do have a scholarship of $4,000 every semester but my dad still ends up paying $14,000. Being an International Student our fees is much more than the In-State students it becomes really expensive. My dad also pays for my rent and personal expense which comes to about $1000-1200 every month. Hence, I am applying for various scholarships and programs which can help me pay my tuition fee and reduce the burden on my dad. Furthermore, I am looking for more job opportunities to get hands on experience and get my personal expenses covered. I am a direct admit to the Kelley School of Business. I have also been awarded Dean’s Recognition Scholarship of $32,000 for 4 years. I successfully secured a GPA of 3.614 in my first semester of my freshman year and hence I was fortunate enough and gain recognition to be admitted to Kelley School of Business, Dean’s Honor List. In addition, I have been invited to be a member of the National Society of Collegiate Scholars (NSCS). I have been dedicated to Kelley school throughout. I have also been asked by my Kelley Academic Advisor to be interviewed for a video and printed material to recruit other International students.

Pollution law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3113 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ecology Essay Topics: Act Essay Pollution Essay Did you like this example? Question 1 Introduction We will consider water and air pollution. We will look at what causes harm to each of these media. We will then move on to consider the legal provisions in place to counteract or prevent that harm. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pollution law" essay for you Create order Water This is mainly concerned with inland and coastal waters and the quality of these water bodies. Water quality can be affected by natural events or by the actions of people. Firstly, natural events like heavy rainfall and flooding can create pollution problems from farm runoff. Conversely, drought can cause problems with pollutants being more concentrated. Generally, however, the main kinds of harm that lead to water pollution are caused by individuals or organisations. The harm is mainly as a result of discharge to water and can be as a result of intentional actions like littering, fly tipping, or dumping waste. The most common is discharges to water, from sewage works, the content of which is highly polluting. Other discharges to water can be from industries. This may involve toxic or organic pollutants being discharged into water. This can also involve Leachate from waste sites. Agricultural water pollution is another source of pollution, which can lead to pesticides or fertiliser being passed into water streams. In addition, farming can also contaminate groundwater, through the means of sheep dips. â€Å"Agriculture is the number one polluter of water in the country† [1] was the chilling finding of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food (2002). Other sources of water pollution is the often much publicised oil and fuel spills that happen from time to time. These may be caused by accidents. Accidents in the transporting of sometimes hazardous substances can also end up in the water streams or ocean. Damage through accidents may not involve toxic substances but a great deal of harm can be caused by â€Å"innocent substances† like milk and apple juice. The impact that these substances may have will vary depending on the amount of the substance being released and the location where they are discharged. It is important to note that we generally consider water pollution to arise where water is rendered unfit for use â₠¬â€œ either for human consumption or aquatic life. The focus of this aspect of environmental law is not just pollution to water but also the setting of desired standards of water quality. Legal controls over water quality and pollution The body responsible for water quality in England is the Environmental Agency (EA). The main statutory instrument that applies is the Water Resources Act, 1991 (WRA, 1991). In addition, EC law is increasingly affecting the practices in England. The EC Water Framework Directive[2] is expected to have a large impact on all aspects of pollution control and water quality management. Indirectly, international law also applies, especially in terms of treaties and the UK’s obligations under these treaties. We will now look into the legal controls more closely. Firstly it is necessary to consider the quality of the public water supply. This is controlled by the Water Industry Act 1991(WIA,1991), s67 and the Water Supply (Quality) Regulations 2 000[3]. These provide that domestic water must be wholesome. Enforcement orders issued by the Secretary of State are the main means of enforcement, and fines may be issued against Water supply companies for breaching these provisions. The WIA, 1991, s70 makes it an offence to supply water that is unfit for human consumption.[4] Secondly, we will look at the WRA, 1991. This act put in place the requirement for consents to be obtained from the EA in the following circumstances: A discharge of trade or sewage effluent into controlled waters; A discharge of trade or sewage effluent through a pipe from land into the sea outside the limits of controlled waters; Any discharge where a prohibition is in force. S85 of the WRA, 1991 provides that it is an offence to â€Å"cause or knowingly permit† a discharge. Having consent and observing the terms and conditions of the consent will be a defence to this provision. Trade effluent includes effluent from trade premises which includes agricultural, fish farming and research establishments. [5]Sewage effluent includes any effluent from sewerage works, but excludes surface water. [6] Discharge is not defined in the act and could conceivably cover accidental discharges into water as well as intentional discharges. Controlled waters are defined in s104 of the act and include most inland and coastal water. Inland water includes rivers, streams, underground streams, canals, lakes and reservoirs (even if they are temporarily dry). Groundwater which is water that is contained in wells and boreholes and in any underground strata are also within the definition. A river bed[7] and a man made ditch that drains into controlled waters[8] have both b een held to constitute controlled waters. Streams that have been diverted from their original water course are also considered controlled waters.[9] A prohibition was introduced by the Water Act, 1989, s86, and it prohibited certain discharges. These include discharges of substances that are prescribed by regulations and include dangerous substances. The EA may make annual charges for discharge consents under the Environment Act, 1995[10]. This covers some of its costs incurred in managing water resources. Consents must be applied for in compliance with the WRA, 1991 and Control of Pollution (Applications, Appeals and Registers) Regulations 1996[11]. For the protection of groundwater, the Groundwater Regulations 1998 [12] set out the consent requirements. It is now necessary to consider water pollution. S85 (1) of the WRA, 1991 creates a general offence of causing or knowingly permitting any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter controlled waters. Defences are set out in s88, and include discharge consents from the EA. In addition, s89 provides that in an emergency it is possible to discharge into controlled waters in order to avoid danger to life or health. If this occurs the EA must be informed of this as soon as reasonably practical and the discharger must also take reasonable steps to minimise pollution. This defence was successful in the case of Express Ltd (t/a Express Dairies Distribution) v Environmental Agency[13]. The offence relates to causing and knowingly permitting. Causing is subject to strict liability as no knowledge is required. In the case of Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [14] it was held that if the activities cause pollution, it is only necessary for the activities themselves to be intentional. Knowingly permitting is not subject to strict liability as knowledge is required. It is now important to mention The Water Framework Directive[15] which will be phased in over a number of years. It will require a fun damental change in existing law. Its man aims are to prevent deterioration and protect aquatic ecosystems; promote sustainable water consumption by protecting available water resources; progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances; reduce groundwater pollution and prevent further pollution an to provide good quality surface and groundwater. Finally, we will briefly consider international law, which mainly relates to marine waters. This is contained in international treaties the main one concerning the UK is from the 1992 OSPAR Convention, which made the Declaration of the International North Sea Conference and the Hazardous Substance Strategy. Parties to this convention are bound to make every endeavour to move toward the target of cessation of discharges, emissions and losses of hazardous substances by 2020. Air Most of the sources of air pollution are man made. The burning of some fossil fuels releases sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. T his occurs mainly from coal fired power stations and the burning of marine fuel on container ships and oil tankers. Another main contributor to air pollution is carbon emissions, mainly from vehicles, power stations and industrial processes. Indeed vehicles are responsible for releasing lead into the atmosphere through leaded petrol and also chemicals released from diesel emissions. Also, vehicle exhaust gases can release Volatile Organic Compounds into the atmosphere. Another source is the release of CFCs from aerosol sprays and refrigerants in fridges and air-conditioning units. These gases contribute to ozone depletion and therefore increase ultraviolet radiation levels. In addition the production and transporting of coal, natural gas and oil can emit methane. This can also be emitted from landfill sites. Natural processes causing air pollution are volcanic eruptions, wildfires and methane gas from herds of cattle. Air pollution can cause acid rain, which can kill fish, birds and plant life and even destroy buildings. Air pollution also causes climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, air pollution can also be harmful to humans as it has been linked to respiratory problems, cancer and brain damage. Now it is necessary to consider the mechanisms in place to control air pollution. Legal controls to control and prevent air pollution. The first known legal controls over air quality took place in 1273 when Edward I introduced the first controls over smoke in London. Today the law that is applicable is a combination of international, EC and national law. As air pollution creates international problems like transboundary pollution, ozone depletion and more latterly, climate change, international negotiated agreements are a main source of the law in this area. The first main case involving Transboundary pollution was the so called Trail Smelter case [16] which concerned pollution from a Canadian smelter which caused destruction to crops and forests over the border in the US. An attempt to control air pollution between neighbours was The Geneva Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution in 1979.The treaty came into force in 1983 and sets out principles of cooperation and joint research. Ozone protection has been dealt with by the 1985 Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer. Climate change has been addressed by the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change. As a result of these conventions, protocols have been developed to combat the problems identified, in the form of specific measures to combat the problem. Likewise, the EC has now become a major force in determining air quality standards. This has been achieved through a series of directives specifying air quality limits for particular substances and controlling emissions from transport, industry and power stations. In addition the EC has voluntary agreements with car manufacturers and EU wide emissions trading schemes. The Secretar y of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has a legal duty to comply with the European air quality standards. This has been delegated to the Environmental Agency and local authorities which operate pollution control powers. The National Air Quality Strategy is the main policy in this are of the law. It contains two standards for identified pollutants, namely a general target standard and an alert threshold. The general standard forms a long term objective for policies and legislation. The alert threshold triggers the need for specific remedial action when it is exceeded. Under the strategy local authorities undertake air quality assessments and take action where the objectives are not being met. They also have control over emissions of dark smoke and fumes under various statutes. Finally, the UK has adopted economic instruments to control greenhouse gas emissions. This is in the form of the Climate Change Levy and the UK Emissions Trading Scheme. Other voluntary agreeme nts like Climate Change Agreements have been adopted. Question 2 Report: Prepared by Legal Environmental Consultant’s Limited To: The Board of Directors of Transglobal Enterprises plc Topic: Environmental Legal Aspects of British Metal and Waste Corporation plc (MBWC) This report will cover two specific problems identified. It will deal with each separately. (a) The first part of the report examines the planning permission to extend the use of Gawshope Quarry. This is presently the subject of a High Court application by a local pressure group who wish the permission to be quashed on the following grounds:- firstly, the wrong criteria were used in granting the permission in relation to EC and UK law and secondly, that the National Waste strategy had been ignored. It is necessary to consider the grounds of the appeal, to estimate the likelihood of its success. Firstly, in regard to EU and UK law. The Landfill Directive[17] concerns the design, operation and aftercare for landfill sites. It set targets for the reduction of the amount of biodegradable municipal waste put into landfills by imposing three stages of reduction. The Landfill Regulations (England and Wales) 2002 [18] implemented the requirements of the directive to UK law. Secondly, the National Waste Strategy (NWS) is contained in Waste Strategy 2000 for England and Wales[19]. It was produced as a result of the Environment Act 1995 inserting a requirement to produce a NWS under s44A of the Environmental Protection Act 1995. The overall aim of the NWS is to make decisions in line with the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) for particular wastes. Article 8(b) of the Landfill Directive (99/31) places an obligation on member states to ensure that any landfill project is in line with the NWS. This must be considered when planning permission is applied for. In the case of R (On the application of Blewett) v Derbyshire CC[20] the facts were analogous to the present case. Planning permission was granted to extend a landfill site and a local resident applied to court to have it quashed on the grounds that the local authority had failed to assess whether the proposed landfill was the BPEO for waste disposal. The Court of Appeal found that the policies in the Strategy were not determinative and it was not required before granting planning permission that the BPEO is achieved. The reason for this is that the BPEO is not overriding. In this case the Court of Appeal refused to interfere with the High Courts findings that the local planning authority had failed to demonstrate that they had given sufficient weight to the BPEO. Conclusion Without knowing the particular facts of the application for an extension of Gawshope Quarry, it is difficult to advise on the chances of success. Suffice it to say, that in the light of Blewett’s case it seems clear that a planning authority is required to understand the policies in the NWS and attach sign ificant weight to the achievement of these policies. It should then consider if there are more important considerations which outweigh the attainment of these objectives. (b) This part of the report concerns the pending prosecution of BMWC for alleged offences under the Water Resources Act 1991. The steelscale plant in Cumbria had an accident and this resulted in discharges which blocked a stream. This caused the course of the stream to be altered and flooding occurred. In addition contaminants in the discharge caused chemical levels in the stream to rise beyond safety levels under drinking water legislation. Under the Water Resources Act, 1991 s85 (1) it is an offence to cause or knowingly permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter controlled waters. We will look at each element of this section to determine if an offence has been committed. Firstly, controlled waters are defined in s104 of the act and include most streams in the UK includ ing the stream in question. Secondly, there is no definition in the act of poisonous, noxious or polluting matter. In the case of R v Dovermoss Ltd [21] polluting was given the very wide meaning of the potential to cause harm to animals, plants or those who use the water. Actual harm is not necessary. The fact of the pollution is what is prevented in this act – i.e. the discharge or entry of polluting matter into the stream. On the face of it contaminants in this particular discharge would be considered polluting at the very least if not poisonous or noxious. Thirdly, the requirement of causing must be considered. This lays down a requirement of strict liability as no knowledge is required. An important case is the case of Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [22] where it was held that Alphacell was guilty of causing pollution merely by carrying on the activity that caused the pollution. All that is necessary is the intention to carry on the activities, and then to show a causal link between the activities and the discharge. In our case, BMWC did carry on the activity that caused the pollution. It may be possible to argue that its activities were not the cause of the pollution. In Empress Car Company (Abertillery) Ltd v National Rivers Authority [23] Lord Hoffman stated that †the true common sense distinction is, in my view, between acts which although necessarily foreseeable in the particular case, are in the generality a normal and familiar fact of life, and acts or events which are abnormal and extraordinary.† Whether the accident in this particular case could be foreseeable would depend on what kind of accident it was and whether it was normal or acceptable accident in the steelscale industry. Fourthly the requirement of knowingly permitting will briefly be considered. This occurs where a person knowingly permits and applies when knowledge of the activity occurs and no action is done to prevent the harm. Company directors can be guilty of wat er pollution offences under this section in addition to any charges brought against the company. This will occur when there is consent, dishonesty or neglect on the part of the directors of the company. This is under s217(1) of the Water Resources Act, 1991. In addition, the company can also be held vicariously liable for the acts of its employees, as was held in the case of National Rivers Authority v Alfred McAlpine Homes East Ltd[24] in regard to offences under the WRA, 1991. There are defences to the provisions of the above section. One of these is if the offender is the holder of discharge consent from the EA, and is acting in accordance with that consent. Another defence is if the offender holds an IPC authorisation or an IPPC permit. A third defence is where the offender holds a waste management licence or waste disposal licence unless the offence is discharging trade or sewerage effluent or where a prohibition is in force. Conclusion It seems that the requirements o f strict liability would make the chance of a prosecution against the BMWC succeeding. It should be investigated whether any of the above defences are available to BWMC. If not, it seems likely that any prosecution would succeed against the company. Bibliography Bell, S and McGillivray, D: Environmental Law (6th Edition). Oxford University Press, 2006. www.lawtel.co.uk www.westlaw.co.uk www.defra.gov.uk www.ukela.org Footnotes [1] Farming and Food: A Sustainable Future (2002), p.68. [2] (2000/60/EC) [3] SI 200/3184 [4] R v Yorkshire Water Services Ltd [2002] Env LR 18 [5] WRA, 1991, s221 [6] WRA, 1991, s221 [7] National Rivers Authority v Biffa Waste [1996] Env LR 227 [8] Environmental Agency v Brock plc [1998] Env LR 607 [9] R v Dovermoss Ltd [1995] Env LR 258. [10] S41-42 [11] SI 1996/2971 [12] SI1998/2746 [13] [2003] Env LR 29 [14] [1972] AC 824 [15] 2000/60/EC [16] US v Canada (3 RIAA 1907 (1941) ) [17] 1999/31/EC [18] SI 2002/1559 [19] Cm 4693, 2000 [20] [2005] Env LR 15 [21] [1995] Env LR 258 [22] [1972] AC 824 [23] [198] Env Lr 36 [24] [1994] 4 All ER 286

Sight Vocabulary for Word Recognition

Learning the sight words for word recognition is critical for reading success. The majority of the words used in written English follow certain rules which govern the relationship between the symbols and the sounds. We call those phonics. Unfortunately, the words we use most frequently are irregular, and they are not spelled the way they sound, words like said, these and thought. These we call sight words, because you need to be able to recognize them immediately. Students who struggle with text really struggle with sight vocabulary. Learning sight vocabulary requires teaching and frequent re-teaching, as well as lots and lots of practice recognizing the words. Dolch High-Frequency Words There are couple lists, the Fry High-Frequency List, made up of 600 words, and the Dolch High-Frequency Words  made up of 220 high-frequency words and 95 nouns frequently found in childrens books. The Fry list is ranked from most frequently used to least frequently used (of the 600 words, not all 240,000 or so according to Boston University. The Dolch words represent about 75% of all the words we encounter in writing. Direct Instruction Programs, like Wilson Reading or SRA, teach some sight vocabulary in each lesson and are sure that students see those words as they are learning to decode the regular words which conform to the phonetic rules of English. Using the Dolch High-Frequency Words The word lists for Dolch High-Frequency Words begin with pre-primer words, the words most frequently used to glue together the nouns and verbs we use to express ourselves. There are five levels and a noun list: Pre-primer, Primer, 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade, and Nouns. Children should have all of the Dolch Words mastered before they begin second grade. Assessment: The first step is to simply present the words, beginning with the pre-primer words on flash cards (follow this link) and testing until a student can recognize no more than 80% of the words on each level list. Check off the words the students know on the checklists provided. Practice in Context: Leveled reading programs, such as Reading A-Z or SRA will provide lists of sight vocabulary and lists of new vocabulary either on the cover or on the page (Reading A-Z) where the item is found. Use the checklists to track which words you are using as you complete each list. These checklists can also be used to write and monitor IEP goals. There are enough columns to collect data over several weeks. Drill and Games The flashcards can also be used for practice as well as games or concentration. Dolch Around the World: Present pairs of students each of the flashcards. When a child gets it right, he or she moves on to the next student and they compete to recognize the card first.Dolch Concentration: Have two sets of cards. Have students play with a limited number of cards including some you want them to learn.Dolch Snap: Have students time each other with a stopwatch, to see who can read them the quickest. Dolch High-Frequency IEP Goals When presented with flash cards, John will read 32 of 42 (80%) of Pre-primer High Frequency (Dolch) Words, 3 of 4 consecutive trials.When presented with flash cards, Susan will read 90% (36) of the First Grade Dolch Words, 3 out of 4 consecutive trials.

Ethical Dilemma Case Study Enabling Autonomy For a Child...

Ethical dilemmas faced by the Allen family Slide 1: Ethical dilemma: Enabling autonomy for a child with Downs Syndrome Gary: Pam and Cliffords child Realistic goals Parental support of autonomy within Garys range of capabilities Future outlook Speakers Notes: Dealing with a child with Downs Syndrome is difficult for many families, but the Allen family has shown remarkable resilience in coping with their son Garys challenges. One of the reasons that Gary has made such a successful transition from childhood to adulthood is the Allens willingness to support Garys independence. This willingness is still informed with an awareness of Garys limitations. For example, Gary has a very carefully-observed structure and routine which governs his daily activities. He has a job at a supermarket within his capabilities that he enjoys and which gives him a sense of purpose. This job brings him out into the public with people other than his family. Gary is also capable of preparing his own foods and helping with household chores, although his parents do not require him to prepare extensive meals that could be complicated or dangerous if Gary was left in the kitchen alone. There are also contingency plans if Gary cannot be driven to work: h e knows how to take the bus. From the nurse-practitioners point of view, to help the family, some concerns which might arise regarding Gary are what might happen to Gary if his parents were unable to provide him shelter. Also, Pam has madeShow MoreRelatedCase Study: Medical Ethics3528 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Case Study: Medical Ethics The case scenario in question verily presents a mind boggling situation. We are introduced to an intelligent woman of a credible forty years of age, suffering from a painful neurological affliction. 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HF5415.1.H37 2009 658.800973—dc22 2008040282 ISBN-13 978-0-470-16981-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREFACE Welcome to the 30th anniversary of Marketing Mistakes

Judaism Modernization In America Essay Example For Students

Judaism Modernization In America Essay The Jewish way of life has been affected in a tremendous way by the people ofthe United States of America. By the time of the signing of the Declaration ofIndependence, there were only 2500 Jews in America. For forty years beginning in1840, 250,000 Jews (primarily from Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia) entered thiscountry. Anti-Semitism and economic woes in Eastern Europe went from bad toworse after the pogroms of 1881-1882. Almost three million Eastern European Jewsleft between 1881 and 1914, two million (85%) of which decided to come toAmerica, where they thought the streets were paved with gold. Theywere wrong. Because of this intercontinental migration, the socialcharacterization of Jews in America changed drastically. Before the move, thelargest group in the early eighteenth century were the Sephardic Jews. Theylived in the coastal cities as merchants, artisans, and shippers. The Jews whopredominately spoke German came to America over 100 years later, and quicklyspread out over the land. Starting as peddlers, they moved up to businesspositions in the south, midwest, and on the west coast. New York City had 85,000Jews by 1880, most of which had German roots. At this time in American history,the government accepted many people from many different backgrounds to allow fora diverse population; this act of opening our borders probably is the origin ofthe descriptive phrase the melting pot of the world. These GermanJews rapidly assimilated themselves and their faith. Reform Judaism arrived hereafter the Civil War due to the advent of European Reform rabbis. Jewishseminaries, associations, and institutions, such as Cincinnatis Hebrew UnionCollege, New Yorks Jewish Theological Seminary, the Union of American HebrewCongregations (UAHC), and the Central Conference of American Rabbis, werefounded in the 1880s. America was experimenting with industry on a huge scale atthe time the Eastern European Jews that arrived. Their social history combinedwith the American Industri al Age produced an extremely diverse and distinctAmerican Jewry by the end of the intercontinental migration, which coincidedwith the start of the Great World War (World War I). Almost two out of everythree new immigrants called the big northeast municipalities (such as the LowerEast Side of New York) their new home. They would take any job available tosupport the family, and they worked in many different jobs which were asphysically demanding as they were diverse. The garment district in New Yorktoday was made from the meticulousness, the sweat, and the determination of theJews. Low pay, long hours, and disgusting working conditions characterized theaverage working day. Labor unions fought for these workers rights andeventually won. There are stories of men in the Lower East Side of New York whostarted to sell rags from a cart, and slowly moved up the ladder in time to runa small clothing shop. Like other Jews in America at this time, they sacrificedthe Sabbath to work during it, b ut it was for the good and the support of hisfamily. The 1890s saw the birth of many Jewish-oriented charities were organizedto raising funds for medical and social services, such as Jewish hospitals andJewish homes for the aged. The American Jewish Committee was formed in 1906 toattempt to influence the American government to aid persecuted Jewishcommunities overseas. Bnai Brith, a Jewish fraternal society, was set up in1843 by German Jews in America; in 1913 it instituted the Anti-Defamation Leagueto combat anti-Semitism. Today the ADL combats not just anti-Semitism, but alsoracism and other discriminants. Furthermore, The Bnai Brith Hillel Foundationhas put together Hillel Houses at major college campus throughout the country toensure that Jewish college students get an adequate religious experience. .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .postImageUrl , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:hover , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:visited , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:active { border:0!important; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:active , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Inspire For Sleep Apnea Cause And Effect Essay Anti-Semitism in America did not become widespread until the turn of thecentury. Anti-Semitism follows Jews around; it is not part of a community unlessJews live with them in that community and the gentiles dont want them there. Jews were informally ostracized from clubs and resorts, and were denied entranceto colleges and other institutes of higher learning. Moreover, it was a commonpractice to not employ Jews in particular professions and basic industries. Between World War I and World War II the United States placed limits on thenumber of Jews allowed in per year. Zionism, the movement formed by Jews to getthemselves to a land that they can call their own, had a definite impact onAmerican Jewry during Zionisms times of development and execution. AmericanZionism was affected by German and East European Jews coming to America.. Although the small membership of the American Zionist movement was almostcompletely East European at first, many of its leaders came from the olderGerman group. By 1915, Zionism began to attract prominent American-born figures,such as Louis D. Brandeis, who is most famous as being the first Jew to serve onthe Supreme Court. Brandeis and his associates added a distinctly American noteinto Zionism, rejecting the belief that the diaspora was a form of exile, andalso that Zionism tried to address the dangerous problem of dual loyalty forpatriotic Jewish Americans. For Brandeis, American and Zionist ideals reinforcedeach other. The occurrences of intermarriage (a Jew marrying a gentile) was notonly extremely rare in the first generation of American Jews, it was alsounheard of and rarely talked about. Today, love commonly crosses the borders ofreligion; intermarriages are common. Although divorce is allowed by the Jewishreligion, it also happened once in a blue moon in those times. In Amer ica today,every other marriage ends in a divorce. The parents tried to push their childrenfor them to have a better life (i.e., material wealth), a better job, and abetter education than they themselves did. The primary reason for this is so theparents would know that their children could adequately support them in old age. Today, the curve has changed. This happens on a much lower rate, andthe chances that it happens again (on the same scale the first generation ofAmerican Jews) is slim; todays economy is but one reason of many why this willhappen. Back then, only the husband worked and the universal middle-classexpectation of the wife was to stay at home and tend for the children. Ifthe wife had to work even part time during seasonal times of the year thenit shamed the family into thinking that the husband was not a good provider. Today it is not uncommon for both parents to work, and usually neither parent isashamed that both work to (simply) support the family; usually they are bothemployed such that the family can enjoy a higher standard of living. Furthermore, the advent of womens liberation has made it possible for morewomen to go out into the work force. Keeping Kosher is yet another issue thathas changed over the generations of American Jews. My mother and father, bothJews, grew up in the 1950s and 1960s, and my mothers family always kept kosher. Today, as a Jew, I have never kept kosher in my life, with the exception ofcertain holidays, and when my rabbi was watching me. Finally, the last issuewhich is a part of the Jewish-American generation gap is the Yiddish language. .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .postImageUrl , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:hover , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:visited , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:active { border:0!important; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:active , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Juvenile delinquency and religion EssayParents spoke Yiddish often, but not to the children. They only spoke it to eachother if they did not want the kids to understand what they were talking about(i.e., marriage problems). However, because the parents did not choose to havetheir kids learn Yiddish, they may have contributed to the generation gap. Today, Yiddish is dying rapidly. Yiddish theater in New York is but one of a fewremaining areas in America that still speak the language. Today, as a Jew, Ihave never heard a Yiddish sentence only a few words here and there, likeschlemiel and zoftig and even then I am still unsureof their true meaning in the times when it was spoken freely. Scholars havepredicted the extinction of the language by 2040 AD, or 5800 on the Jewishcalendar. America has also been an influence on new kinds of Judaism. MordecaiKaplan founded the Jewish Reconstructionist movement in America in the early1900s. In 1917 he led a shul which incorporated a broad realm of cultural andrecreational activities. Five years later, he formed the Society of theAdvancement of Judaism, which believed that worship was only one of many issuesa congregation should address. His book Judaism as a Civilization called for areconstruction of Jewish life. The Jewish ReconstructionistFoundation (now the Federation of Reconstruction ist Congregations and Havurot)issued new liturgical texts in the 1940s and 1950s, and it opened theReconstructionist Rabbinic College in Philadelphia in 1968. It is an evolvingand organic kind of Judaism, which is constantly adapting itself to the needs ofthe community and the society it serves. Judaism today, largely because of theAmerican hustle-and-bustle contemporary lifestyle, is just a religion instead ofa way of life. We are now in a period of time where many options are presentedon how to be Jewish going to shul, observing the holidays, sending yourchildren to learn about the Jewish ways of life, belonging to temples and Jewishorganizations (i.e., Havurah, an attempt to revive Judaism in small socialgroups) instead of what was only one way to be Jewish. No central idea holdsit together. Theres really no one common way to be Jewish anymore.

Wisconsin Vs Yoder Essay Example For Students

Wisconsin Vs Yoder Essay The Case of Wisconsin vs. Yoder (Docket #70-110) goes back to the year 1972. Jonas Yoder and Wallace Miller were both members of the Amish religion. Adin Yutzy, also prosecuted under the Wisconsin law, represented the Conservative Amish Mennonite Church. The reason for prosecution was because there was a law that stated all children must attend public school until the age of sixteen. The three parents, all being Amish, refused to obey such a law and pulled their children out of school after the 8th grade. Their argument was that the high school attendance was contrary to their religious beliefs. The state of Wisconsin disagreed and challenged this case to the United States Supreme Court. The basic constitutional amendment that is being argued here is the freedom of religion. The case was argued on December 8, 1971 and was eventually decided on May 15, 1972. Each side had a perfectly good reason as to why they were right. The defense, (represented as being Yoder), said that the law basically threatens their religious way of life. In their opinion, the only teachings they needed were that of what they had already received up until the 8th grade. They also said that Amish parents provide training from an early age through young adults, teaching them the skills necessary to be farmers, or other skills, i.e., carpenters and parents. This training supposedly prepares them for a much better life as an Amish adult than what they would receive in formal schooling. On the states side, however, their views were much different. The state was simply enforcing a law that requires children be enrolled in school until the age of sixteen. The states other argument was that the extra schooling prepared the children for adult life. In response the defendants found it unnecessary and unjust. The state came back with the question of what will happen to the children if they leave their Amish community. In a 6-to-1 decision, the Court decided that the individuals interest in the free exercise of religion under the First Amendment outweighed the States interests in convincing school attendance past 8th grade. The Court found that the values and programs of secondary school were in sharp conflict with the fundamental mode of life mandated by the Amish religion, and that an additional one or two years of high school would not produce the benefits of public education cited by Wisconsin to justify the law. In the opinion of Chief Justice Burger:?The Amish have a legitimate reason for removing their children from school prior to their attending high school. The qualities emphasized higher education (self-distinction, competitiveness, scientific accomplishment, etc.) are contrary to Amish values. Additionally, attendance in high school hinders the Amish community by depriving them of the labor of their children and limiting their ability to instill appropriate values in their adolescents. A states interest in universal education must be balanced against the legitimate claims of special groups of people. The State cites two interests in compulsory education: to create a citizenry to participate in our political system and to prepare self-supportive people. The Court agrees with the Amish that an additional one or two years of education will not significantly affect either of these interests.?