The Cask of Amontillado an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The Cask of Amontillado Poes Cask of Amontillado depicts dominant themes of the times in which the essay is set, 19th Century Europe with the plot denoting Italian aristocracy. Revenge of insults real and imaginary and burying people alive were two themes of the era. Poe was alive to these trends and hence has very effectively capitalized on the same throughout the plot. The theme thus revolves around an aristocrat; Montresor seeking revenge on an Italian nobleman Fortunato who he feels has insulted and not just injured him. As an member of the aristocracy of noble birth Montresor is reconciled to an injury, but his vanity cannot tolerate insult and he thus seeks revenge. Need essay sample on "The Cask of Amontillado" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Poes allusion to revenge as the centrality of the plot is direct and forthcoming. The opening paragraph of, The Cask of Amontillado highlights this to the reader in no uncertain terms stating that the protagonist, will seek avenge at length. (Poe, 1991). This is emphasized throughout the paragraph in various forms. Revenge is indicated as a definitive issue to be settled for being scorned. To underline the theme further, Montresor states that the nature of his soul being such, revenge has not been uttered by him as a mere threat but something which will be carried to conclusion. The intent of retribution is also indicated with the emphasis on punishment not just being given but done so with impunity. But perhaps the final sentence in the opening paragraph appears to seal the argument of the plot which indicates that if revenge overtakes the redresser as well as when it is not felt as such by the wrong doer the wrong is not addressed properly. The setting of the plot is also appropriate to the theme of revenge. Poe provides an interesting backdrop in the form of contrast between the carnival and dark catacombs. The carnival represents joy and happiness which is central to the occasion; on the other hand the labyrinthine catacombs represent death. By transforming his victim from a location representing joy to one representing death, the impact of revenge is heightened through the stark contrast. Montresors family motto, "Nemo me impune lacessit", literally translated means, No one can attack me without being punished. This is another indication of vengeance being the foundation of the story. (Silverman, 1991). This comes about some where in the final paragraphs leaving no doubt in the minds of the reader that this is a story of revenge. Tales of revenge amongst the aristocracy of the 19th Century in Europe have been many. The motto of many people of high birth has been render punishment to those who have personally scorned them. That this reprisal can be for reasons which are not so substantial is indicated by the author through lack of evidence for Montresors ire against Fortunato only indicating it as a series of vile invectives imposed upon him over a period. This is also typical of the times, when aristocrats found reasons to despise each other and indulge in scandalous activity in Europe in the 19th Century. (Levine, 1990). The plot of revenge thus fits in well with the flavor of the times as well as environment of aristocracy in which Poe has placed it. The ironic twists in the plot are both dramatic as well as verbal. Dramatic irony is indicated by the reader becoming aware of the fate of Fortunato much before he himself does so. This is indicated by Poe in the opening paragraph with Montresor not only speaking of revenge but the finality and certainty of it. Fortunato on the other hand remains oblivious of his fate for which the author provides a veneer of partial inebriation as the story unfolds and gradually more so as they descend down the catacombs. The name Fortunato indicating the fortunate is also ironic, as the reader is aware that he is likely to be sacrificed to the vile intent of the protagonist, Montresor. Of verbal irony there are many examples however the most significant one could be that of Montresor vehemently agreeing with Fortunato when he indicates to him that he will not die of cough. Perhaps he knew too well that this was not to be, given the plans for burying alive that he had for his victim. The use of mason is also ironic. While Fortunato refers to it as the society of Masons, for Montresor it is literal, a role which he has planned for himself in burying Fortunato. Similarly the final words, In pace requiescat are also ironic. They seem to indicate not just rest in peace but respite in a monastic prison. There are many more examples of dramatic irony indicated in the plot weaved by Poe. The dress of Fortunato who has come to attend the carnival with bells on his cap is symbolic of this sarcasm. It perhaps represents a man going to his death bed with bells tolling past. The narrative brings out ringing of the bells as a symbol of derision many times of over. Is the man ringing in his death, some readers may seem to derive. As the two go deeper into the labyrinth, the reader may sense certain sinister forebodings in the jingling of bells each time. In another sense too the dress could be considered as ironic. Fortunato is dressed as a jester or a clown, most appropriate for the carnival but hardly correct for a man going to his death bed. The irony is two fold. As Montresor chains and buries Fortunato, his feeling that it was just a jest may not be too far fetched, given the overall mood of the occasion of the carnival and his dress as a clown. On the other hand the dress is also representative of the fact that Montresor was making a, fool out of Fortunato. Another indication of irony is the snub on Italians who Montresor calls as lacking virtuoso spirit and always attempting to suit their audience be it from Austria or Britain particularly when they are rich and wealthy. The fondness and taste of Italians for wine receives special mention by Poe, underlining their vanity. The irony is also evident as he takes Fortunato into the vault. At each stage, he highlights to him that he is of rich taste, high birth and endearing. A false sense of self importance and greatness is created so that he is taken on by this aura and then led deeper into the burial chamber to achieve revenge. This impact is also subtly highlighted by Poe by interjecting Fortunatos persistent cough. This provides Montresor a reason to suggest to Fortunato, that he should not go into the vault which is damp thereby aggravating his cough. But this only increases Fortunatos anxiousness to taste Amontillado further. As they proceed through the great labyrinth of vaults, Montresor offers Medoc to relieve the cough. As Fortunato remarks that he drinks to the spirit of those buried around them perhaps ominously without knowing that he would also be one of them in a short while. On the other hand irony is also evident with the words of Montresor who drinks to the long life of the person whom he was about to kill. The reader in the meanwhile may remain curious to know the ultimate outcome at each interjection of cough and suggestion to call off their descent. Montressor offers to return even as the dampness in the cellars increases and uses Fortunatos cough as a medium for the same. The irony of the situation where he is taking a man down to his death while at the same time inducing him to return is not lost on the reader. And this is what creates suspense. Will Fortunato follow Montresor to the death chamber or not? Will he fall to the repeated minions of Montresor to turn back or his own lure for the elusive wine? The suspense slowly unfolds as the two men go down the labyrinthine tunnels. Fortunatos final call not for mercy but to relieve him of the jest as the mistress would be waiting also represents dramatic irony as well as suspense. As they move down, Montressor shows him a masons trowel in an offensive gesture, and the reader is left wondering if Fortunato will get the hint. But it is not to be, the suspense hangs on as they proceed further down the vaults. At each stage of the move down the cellar, Montressor fortifies his victim with more wine to prepare him for the final journey so that when they reach the final crypt, Fortunato is sufficiently inebriated to fall easily into the trap laid out for him. Thus as he finds himself at a dead end facing a rock; Montressor easily chains him without much difficulty. And then Poe narrates the arduous manner in which Montressor buries his friend erecting tier upon tier slowly and steadily. At each stage he has a look within and the reader has a feeling that he may stop the masonry and rescue Fortunato, but that is not to be and the suspense hangs on. The suspense of the plot also lies in the reader expecting the reason for Montresors revenge, yet till the end there is not even a hint of the same. This may give an impression that the revenge sought by Montresor was not so grave and could be an imaginary grouse, perhaps a statement against the aristocracy of the times intended by Poe. Yet as Poe maintains anxiety, even as Montresor is burying Fortunato brick by brick covered elaborately in narration, the reader could have possibly been given an inkling of the underlying cause of the rivalry which has led to this misfortune. Poe keeps us waiting leading to the surmise that the cause may not be very grave and also that the narrator may not be wholly stable. Reference: Levine, Stuart and Susan. Ed. (1990). The Short Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe: An Annotated Edition. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Poe, Edgar Allan. (1991). A Study of the Short Fiction. Ed. Charles E. May. Boston: Twayne Publishers. Silverman, Kenneth. (1991) Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

A Centenarian is Probably Not a Centurion

A Centenarian is Probably Not a Centurion A Centenarian is Probably Not a Centurion A Centenarian is Probably Not a Centurion By Maeve Maddox A reader was startled when a television announcer misused the word centurion: Perhaps one of your columns could cover the meanings of â€Å"centurion† and â€Å"centenarian.† A news anchor on KTTC-TV, Rochester, Minn., just announced â€Å"There is a new centurion in Clear Lake, Iowa.† (This â€Å"new centurion† is a woman celebrating her 100th birthday. A centenarian centurion?) I was amused, but assumed that the anchor’s error was unique and that I wouldn’t be able to find enough material to write a post on this misuse. My assumption was that any English speaker who has read a book or watched a movie set in ancient Roman times, or who has a superficial acquaintance with the New Testament knows the historical meaning of centurion. I was wrong. The use of centurion in the place of centenarian is widespread in discussions of longevity on the Web. Here are just three examples: In this article we take lessons from the centurion communities of the world to gain priceless insight into how we too can live the longest. In Okinawa, where the life expectancy is the highest on earth, 803 of 920 centurions who were alive as of September 2011 were women. Daisy McFadden, a longtime resident of New York, will celebrate her 100th birthday this November. Still active, she believes her eating habits have greatly contributed to her longevity, as do most centurions. I found an article in a Canadian publication in which the writer acknowledges that centenarian is the word usually used to describe a person who has reached the age of one hundred, but seems to think that centurion is a better word to describe a centenarian who remains in good health: There are more than 4,600 Canadians now 100 or older. Estimates are that the United States might have a million people 100 or older by 2050. If those estimates are accurate, 43 years from now, many of those Boomers you see every day will be the new centurions, which strikes me as a better way to describe centenarians. Just as 60 is the new 50 today, 100 will be the new 90! Note: Joseph Wambaugh titled one of his novels The New Centurions. As it is about the lives of Los Angeles policemen, I don’t get the connection. Neither did Wambaugh’s British publishers, apparently. In the UK, the book was published as Precinct 45: Los Angeles Police. Centurion and centenarian are among several English words derived from the Latin word for one hundred: centum. In the ancient Roman army, a centurion was the officer in charge of a century, a unit originally comprised of 100 men. In the context of cricket, centurion refers to a player who has scored 100 runs (a century): Surrey teenager Dominic Sibley becomes youngest double centurion in County Championship history Dominic Sibley swapped school books for record books by becoming the youngest batsman in County Championship history to score a double century. This is a valid extension of meaning in a modern context. Using centurion to replace centenarian is unnecessary. Centenarian already exists with the meaning â€Å"a person who has reached the age of one hundred.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterOne Scissor?

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Executive Summary - Essay Example in the business, assess the competitors and the competitive advantage, the financial plans and projections and offer a Mission /Vision Statement that determines the success of this business. For the music industry to thrive well and secure a large market segment, it must identify itself with a tumultuous and high velocity market because of the nature of its products. In order to avail music to everyone at considerate prices, one must identify the target market and the type of music required. Jazz music originated from America, and stems from the Atlantic slave trade whereby Africans were shifted into United States. The Africans had a strong passion for traditional music and thy developed their own Jazz music. They had exceptional rhythm and used various instruments that helped them create the Jazz music, for instance, piano, and violin among others (Roberts 64). In most cases, Jazz music is played I whilst drinking and dancing. Even though, most people have a desire to join Jazz music industry, there are a lot of discouragements along the way. For instance, it is pretty expensive to hire a producer or even produce and launch music. For this reason, most people end up burying their talents. This is the reason that I plan to launch a music production center in order to cater and fight with such challenges. I plan to run the Music production center with my family in order to get both financial and moral support from them. The business shall exclusively deal in production of Jazz industry, because this is the only music that does not required a lot of expertise in creating and producing. Also, the technology used is accessible at considerable amounts (Roberts 64). Within this Production center, I plan to set up a small restaurant where people will enjoy the music and delicious food. Most of the foods in the restaurant shall be Japanese traditional foods as these mints well with the Jazz music. The central aspect of the services offered will be based on the blending

Ethics and Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics and Corporate governance - Essay Example   Ã‚   Matthew Lee, the Lehman’s Holding Incorporated Senior Vice President, was discontent with the accounting practices of the company, and wrote a letter (later made public) to the company; expressing concerns about the senior managers were violating the internal code of ethics, by misleading investors and regulators about the true value of the company assets, according to Corkery (2008).   Ã‚   In another incident, David Einkorn of the hedge fund Green light Capital Inc., reported that Lehman Brothers’ action of writing up the value of KSK Energy Ventura (a power plant in India) from $400m to $600m during the 1st Quarter of 2008, was an unethical accounting practice, according to Corkery (2008). Lehman reacted by saying it was in anticipation of profits to be made.   Ã‚   The Sarbanes –Oxley Act, with all its preventative provisions were introduced from 2001, according to the Economist (2010), but despite this, Lehman was removing assets from its balance sheets, convincing accounting firms (including Ernest &Young) to approve unethical maneuvers, and holding assts like KSK Energy Ventures at inflated values against market prices according to the Economist (2010).   Ã‚   Lehman   leaders showed blatant disregard for interest of the public, dishonesty ,as well as   very high levels of egoism on September 10, 2008, when Ian Lowitz, the bank’s Chief Financial Officer, told investors that the liquidity of the company remained strong at $42b. However, according to the Economist (2010), a day earlier an internal document had revealed that Lehman had low ability to monetize almost 46% of its assets.   Ã‚   The level of abuse of their fiduciary responsibility was extremely high, as according to Valukas, its liquidity pool was designed to allow it to survive at least 12 months of stressed financial situations, but it only had cash and

Identity in Korean contemporary art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identity in Korean contemporary art - Essay Example The focus of the essay "Identity in Korean contemporary art" is on the issue of identity as presented in Korean contemporary art. In meticulous, modern Asian artists of the post-1990’s facing the double demands of localism in the course of globalization knowing the argument on localism as an abstract tool for post-ideology and multi-value rather than as identity crisis to build a new uniqueness of Asian art. In reality, a local identity can be clear only by destructing the dichotomy of true localism can be come up through confined custom and historicity. For example, many of contemporary Asian artists – counting artists based in their native soil or abroad are dealing with one’s own civilizing custom with a approach of duality acceptance both history and present. Workings of artists which own traditional opinion and motifs such as Zen philosophy, ceramics, packaging cloth, etc. apparent how custom can be conveyed to the modern context and thus re-contextualized. According to dictionary the meaning of literal meaning of contemporary art is the modern art but generally it includes the art from the World War II till the present or modern art. Uniqueness in art, particularly for Asian countries like Korea which went all the way through Western influence in the line of creation and expansion in modern art, is often taken as a substitute model to distinguish them from the West. So it changes constantly according to changeover and influence of foreign power, confronted by a new identity.

A Report of a Child Observations

A Report of a Child Observations For confidentiality reason, I will refer to the child as A. Child A is a three years and two months old male, from a working class, mixed heritage background: mum is Indian and dad is English. He is a middle child with an older brother aged four and a nine months old sister. Parents are married and they all live together. A naturalistic, non-participant, target child observation was done for an hour a week over a six weeks period in a co-educational private nursery; with a class size of 20 children ages between 3-4, and 3 teachers. Structured observation is done in a natural social setting to observe predefined activities. The avoidance of premature interpretation, without seeking to understand the context in which behaviour occurred is an important skill needed in structured observation. It eliminates the risk of instant judgement and moral absolutes. All aspects of observed behaviour according to Sheppard (2006) as citied in Adams et al (2009: 211), must be rigorously explained, analysed and contextualised. Objectivity in drawing conclusion by taking an observational stance is an invaluable skill. Objectivity is needed in systematically evaluating observed behaviour, context and situations in an unbiased, factual way. Heightened self-awareness of personal feelings, experiences, attitude and values and its effect on judgement needs to be recognised (Trowell and Miles 2004). Effective communication skills enhance empathic understanding of observed behaviour and its social context. Direct observation of non-verbal behaviour adds information about emotional states. Social workers need to be attentive to non-verbal cues e.g. tone of voice and link behaviour with emotions that might have caused it (Wilson et al 2008). Communication skills are the blinding blocks to forming relationships based on trust and confidence. Communication skills assist service users to modify their unrealistic expectations and clarify the respective goals (Thompson 2003). Tolerating uncertainty is another important skill. It develops the not knowing way of practice: Briggs (1992) as cited in Wilson et al (2008: 106) states that the process of giving emotional attention to what is observed and the delibrate delaying of knowing facilitates in practice the kind of measured assesment that is blocked if stereotypes and prejudice are unthinkingly adopted. The act of not knowing reduces ineffective hasty intervention because it helps social workers to reflect on situations (Tanner 1998). Information gathering and documentation skill is invaluable in structured observation. Observed behaviours should be recorded in an accurate, factual and chronological manner; recording as soon as possible as this affects how much is recalled; the language used to code behaviour and experiences is also important: this minimises the risk of misinterpretation and the reliability of the information. Confidentiality should be adhered to in regards to all information (Thompson 2003). Theoretical framework illuminates social workers understanding of behaviour thereby enhancing the appropriate use of social work strategies and intervention. Developmental psychology is concerned with understanding the interaction between individuals and their environment, and the impact this has on their long-term development. Crawford and Walker (2003) as citied in Ingleby (2010) highlighted the impact biological and sociological perspective has on child development. Social workers work in a complex society dealing with individuals, family and communities. In child development, the nature versus nurture debate is vital, if the extent to which environmental and/or heredity factors that affects child development is to be established. Nature looks at the impact of heredity factors whiles nurture concentrates on the environmental factors on the development of a child ( Bee and Boyd 2010). Attachment theory seeks to explain the effect social emotional interaction has on cognitive development. Bowlby researched the impact maternal deprivation has on development. He concluded that from birth to two years is the critical period in which emotional bond is formed; otherwise the impact will be an irreversible damage in later life. Ainsworth developed this theory further by her Strange Situation research and stated that the mother is not the only attachment figure as children can form close emotional bond to other attachment figure. She conducted a research on mothers and babies and concluded that emotional bond is formed with other attachment figure depending on the emotional responsiveness of the attachment figure. She identified four types of attachment: secure, ambivalent, avoidant and anxious attachment (Gross 2010). Child A exhibited signs of distress during separation with mum; however, his teacher was able to comfort him. According to Ainsworth, child A would be described as been securely attached. He felt secure and able to depend on the carer due to her emotional responsiveness to his needs. A child displayed a secure attachment toward his mother based on trust. This according to Erickson and Freud can be accounted for by the effective bonding with his mother during the critical period. For secure attachment to be formed, according to Freud, the childs gratifications should have been sufficiently satisfied (Gross 2010). On the nurture side of the debate, is behavioural theories, child development is influenced by environmental factors and the unconscious they believe is of little importance. According to Watson 1913 as cited in Bee (2010), nurture plays an important part through the manipulation of environmental factors. This was demonstrated in his research on Little Albert and the effect of classical conditioning. Behavioural approach focus on the influences environment factors has on overt behaviour. According to behaviourist, an individual is a clean slate and the environmental factors are the chalk and the individual holding the chalk: what is written on the slate is decided by the individual holding the chalk (Ingleby, 2010, p. 5). An individual identity is therefore shaped by the interaction between the individual and the environment; this theory can be associated with psychologist such as Skinner, Watson and Pavlov. Child A on arrival at the nursery knew where to hang his coat: his behaviour was positively affirmed by his mum with praise and a smile. A has therefore been conditioned to associate this behaviour with positive affirmation. This can be linked to the work of Skinner known as operant condition, this refers to the link that exists between positively affirming behaviour that reinforces a particular stimulus (Ingleby, 2010). According to Freud, the thought process of both the conscious and the unconscious; and early experiences can be accounted for human development. Through the manipulation of the though process which he called the: id which regulate biological needs; the ego- social self and the super ego- our social identity, individual develops through the six stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, puberty and geniality (Ingleby, 2010, p. 8). Freud stages of development are more to do with the maturation than the environmental interaction. However, according to Piaget cognitive development stages, the interaction with the environment accounts for more. His stages of development are sensori-motor, pre-occupational, concrete and formal. As children, interact with their environment: the biological need; the developments of self and social identity are met. At the preoccupation stage, symbolic thought is developed and the child is seen as egocentric. In contrast, according to Vygotskys, cognitive development is influenced by an older experienced individual who act as a scaffold. Play is important if a child is to pass through this stage successfully: as it encourage interaction and the imitation of adult role (Wilson et al 2008). Ericksons stages of development though similar to Freuds in the development of social identity, differ as his qualitative distinct stages expand through the lifespan. An example of this is the development of ego, which occurs in the autonomy vs. shame, doubt stage between the ages of 2-3. According to Freud the anal stage, is where children are susceptible to low self-esteem and reduced autonomy as they learn social norms and acquire new skills. A relationship based trust, which is developed in the previous stage, between the child, and carer is critical for emotional well-being ( Bee an Boyd, 2010). During the observation and when relating observed behaviours to psychological theories I was petrified of mirroring my own early experiences and the influence this may have on my behaviour and responses to the observed behaviour . On reflection, at the start of the observation I felt anxious and concentrated on trying to relate psychological theories to observed behaviour. However, with time I became less anxious in my role as an observer. I felt happy at how responsive the carers were to the needs of the child especially during separation with parent and during play. When interpreting the result of my observation, I was aware of my own assumptions about childrens behaviour based on my knowledge and experience of child development and socio-cultural influences. Social workers bring to their profession not only their skills and knowledge but also their emotional history, values, commitment to social justice, biases, attitudes, anxieties, self-concept, protective instincts, cultural background and social identity (Mandell 2008: 244). An example of this, is attachment theory which according to Boyum and Parke (1995) when done in isolation does not give a true account of the type of attachment, as it depends on how emotionally expressive the cultural context is. I have also learnt to recognise the childs position in the family and nursery, as well the wider social context and appreciate the diversity of these networks and the different theories that can aid my understanding of child development. This experience has been invaluable: it contributes towards my personal development, by given me insight knowledge of theorising; enhanced my reflective ability including the importance of feedback; and the importance of self-awareness. It also enhances my understanding of the unavoidable impact of the emotional content of the interactions between social worker and service users; for example during the observation I felt isolated, confused, happy, anxious and frustrated at times. This experience also helps me develop and understand the importance of maintaining professional boundaries. Reflexivity was the final stage of this reflective journey, the combination of reflection and critical reflection and the understanding of my own reflective journey (Wilson et al 2008).

The Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers

The Industrial Revolution Imagine living in a world in which rights governed society. The people participate in a free market, and property is seen as "an inviolable and sacred right" that cannot be taken away.(1) This glorious idea is called liberalism. Liberalism emerged whole-heartedly during the Nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution. Followers of liberalism believe in the rights of the individual, especially the right to property. Early in its developement, this idea caused deep clashes between the middle class, called the bourgeoisie, and the working class, called the proletariat. These clashes created opposition to the liberal movement; communism became the supporter of this opposition. Many philosophers pushed the development of liberalism. The most persuasive were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. Smith is often considered the founder of liberalism. Smith "looked forward to a new world, which would escape the sophistry and meanness of medieval Christian thought, but would recourse to...authoritarian political oppression."(2) Smith wanted to make profits with little risk involved. He also believed a constitutional government would prevent government intervention with markets. Free markets allowed for more and cheaper goods, and they would benefit the greatest amount of people the greatest amount of the time. This was called laissez-faire. Smith also believed the state should be responsible for the "stipends of the priests."(3) This was government intervention of an individual right, freedom of religion. Because of Smith's beliefs towards religion, he was somewhat unpopular among Nineteenth-century liberals. These liberals chose to disregard Smith as the founder and preferred to regard David Ricardo... ...irtue; The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 193. - Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty Wealth. and Virtue, 159. - Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment and Frank M. Turner, The Western Heritage, Brief Edition, Volume II, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996), 523. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 125. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 126-7. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 519. - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/2 - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/14 - Karl Marx, "The Communist Manifesto," in Sources for the Humanities: Hisotory and Religious Studies, First ed., 48. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 515. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 30. The Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers The Industrial Revolution Imagine living in a world in which rights governed society. The people participate in a free market, and property is seen as "an inviolable and sacred right" that cannot be taken away.(1) This glorious idea is called liberalism. Liberalism emerged whole-heartedly during the Nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution. Followers of liberalism believe in the rights of the individual, especially the right to property. Early in its developement, this idea caused deep clashes between the middle class, called the bourgeoisie, and the working class, called the proletariat. These clashes created opposition to the liberal movement; communism became the supporter of this opposition. Many philosophers pushed the development of liberalism. The most persuasive were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. Smith is often considered the founder of liberalism. Smith "looked forward to a new world, which would escape the sophistry and meanness of medieval Christian thought, but would recourse to...authoritarian political oppression."(2) Smith wanted to make profits with little risk involved. He also believed a constitutional government would prevent government intervention with markets. Free markets allowed for more and cheaper goods, and they would benefit the greatest amount of people the greatest amount of the time. This was called laissez-faire. Smith also believed the state should be responsible for the "stipends of the priests."(3) This was government intervention of an individual right, freedom of religion. Because of Smith's beliefs towards religion, he was somewhat unpopular among Nineteenth-century liberals. These liberals chose to disregard Smith as the founder and preferred to regard David Ricardo... ...irtue; The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 193. - Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty Wealth. and Virtue, 159. - Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment and Frank M. Turner, The Western Heritage, Brief Edition, Volume II, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996), 523. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 125. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 126-7. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 519. - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/2 - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/14 - Karl Marx, "The Communist Manifesto," in Sources for the Humanities: Hisotory and Religious Studies, First ed., 48. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 515. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 30.