Sight Vocabulary for Word Recognition

Learning the sight words for word recognition is critical for reading success. The majority of the words used in written English follow certain rules which govern the relationship between the symbols and the sounds. We call those phonics. Unfortunately, the words we use most frequently are irregular, and they are not spelled the way they sound, words like said, these and thought. These we call sight words, because you need to be able to recognize them immediately. Students who struggle with text really struggle with sight vocabulary. Learning sight vocabulary requires teaching and frequent re-teaching, as well as lots and lots of practice recognizing the words. Dolch High-Frequency Words There are couple lists, the Fry High-Frequency List, made up of 600 words, and the Dolch High-Frequency Words  made up of 220 high-frequency words and 95 nouns frequently found in childrens books. The Fry list is ranked from most frequently used to least frequently used (of the 600 words, not all 240,000 or so according to Boston University. The Dolch words represent about 75% of all the words we encounter in writing. Direct Instruction Programs, like Wilson Reading or SRA, teach some sight vocabulary in each lesson and are sure that students see those words as they are learning to decode the regular words which conform to the phonetic rules of English. Using the Dolch High-Frequency Words The word lists for Dolch High-Frequency Words begin with pre-primer words, the words most frequently used to glue together the nouns and verbs we use to express ourselves. There are five levels and a noun list: Pre-primer, Primer, 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade, and Nouns. Children should have all of the Dolch Words mastered before they begin second grade. Assessment: The first step is to simply present the words, beginning with the pre-primer words on flash cards (follow this link) and testing until a student can recognize no more than 80% of the words on each level list. Check off the words the students know on the checklists provided. Practice in Context: Leveled reading programs, such as Reading A-Z or SRA will provide lists of sight vocabulary and lists of new vocabulary either on the cover or on the page (Reading A-Z) where the item is found. Use the checklists to track which words you are using as you complete each list. These checklists can also be used to write and monitor IEP goals. There are enough columns to collect data over several weeks. Drill and Games The flashcards can also be used for practice as well as games or concentration. Dolch Around the World: Present pairs of students each of the flashcards. When a child gets it right, he or she moves on to the next student and they compete to recognize the card first.Dolch Concentration: Have two sets of cards. Have students play with a limited number of cards including some you want them to learn.Dolch Snap: Have students time each other with a stopwatch, to see who can read them the quickest. Dolch High-Frequency IEP Goals When presented with flash cards, John will read 32 of 42 (80%) of Pre-primer High Frequency (Dolch) Words, 3 of 4 consecutive trials.When presented with flash cards, Susan will read 90% (36) of the First Grade Dolch Words, 3 out of 4 consecutive trials.

Ethical Dilemma Case Study Enabling Autonomy For a Child...

Ethical dilemmas faced by the Allen family Slide 1: Ethical dilemma: Enabling autonomy for a child with Downs Syndrome Gary: Pam and Cliffords child Realistic goals Parental support of autonomy within Garys range of capabilities Future outlook Speakers Notes: Dealing with a child with Downs Syndrome is difficult for many families, but the Allen family has shown remarkable resilience in coping with their son Garys challenges. One of the reasons that Gary has made such a successful transition from childhood to adulthood is the Allens willingness to support Garys independence. This willingness is still informed with an awareness of Garys limitations. For example, Gary has a very carefully-observed structure and routine which governs his daily activities. He has a job at a supermarket within his capabilities that he enjoys and which gives him a sense of purpose. This job brings him out into the public with people other than his family. Gary is also capable of preparing his own foods and helping with household chores, although his parents do not require him to prepare extensive meals that could be complicated or dangerous if Gary was left in the kitchen alone. There are also contingency plans if Gary cannot be driven to work: h e knows how to take the bus. From the nurse-practitioners point of view, to help the family, some concerns which might arise regarding Gary are what might happen to Gary if his parents were unable to provide him shelter. Also, Pam has madeShow MoreRelatedCase Study: Medical Ethics3528 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Case Study: Medical Ethics The case scenario in question verily presents a mind boggling situation. We are introduced to an intelligent woman of a credible forty years of age, suffering from a painful neurological affliction. 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Judaism Modernization In America Essay Example For Students

Judaism Modernization In America Essay The Jewish way of life has been affected in a tremendous way by the people ofthe United States of America. By the time of the signing of the Declaration ofIndependence, there were only 2500 Jews in America. For forty years beginning in1840, 250,000 Jews (primarily from Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia) entered thiscountry. Anti-Semitism and economic woes in Eastern Europe went from bad toworse after the pogroms of 1881-1882. Almost three million Eastern European Jewsleft between 1881 and 1914, two million (85%) of which decided to come toAmerica, where they thought the streets were paved with gold. Theywere wrong. Because of this intercontinental migration, the socialcharacterization of Jews in America changed drastically. Before the move, thelargest group in the early eighteenth century were the Sephardic Jews. Theylived in the coastal cities as merchants, artisans, and shippers. The Jews whopredominately spoke German came to America over 100 years later, and quicklyspread out over the land. Starting as peddlers, they moved up to businesspositions in the south, midwest, and on the west coast. New York City had 85,000Jews by 1880, most of which had German roots. At this time in American history,the government accepted many people from many different backgrounds to allow fora diverse population; this act of opening our borders probably is the origin ofthe descriptive phrase the melting pot of the world. These GermanJews rapidly assimilated themselves and their faith. Reform Judaism arrived hereafter the Civil War due to the advent of European Reform rabbis. Jewishseminaries, associations, and institutions, such as Cincinnatis Hebrew UnionCollege, New Yorks Jewish Theological Seminary, the Union of American HebrewCongregations (UAHC), and the Central Conference of American Rabbis, werefounded in the 1880s. America was experimenting with industry on a huge scale atthe time the Eastern European Jews that arrived. Their social history combinedwith the American Industri al Age produced an extremely diverse and distinctAmerican Jewry by the end of the intercontinental migration, which coincidedwith the start of the Great World War (World War I). Almost two out of everythree new immigrants called the big northeast municipalities (such as the LowerEast Side of New York) their new home. They would take any job available tosupport the family, and they worked in many different jobs which were asphysically demanding as they were diverse. The garment district in New Yorktoday was made from the meticulousness, the sweat, and the determination of theJews. Low pay, long hours, and disgusting working conditions characterized theaverage working day. Labor unions fought for these workers rights andeventually won. There are stories of men in the Lower East Side of New York whostarted to sell rags from a cart, and slowly moved up the ladder in time to runa small clothing shop. Like other Jews in America at this time, they sacrificedthe Sabbath to work during it, b ut it was for the good and the support of hisfamily. The 1890s saw the birth of many Jewish-oriented charities were organizedto raising funds for medical and social services, such as Jewish hospitals andJewish homes for the aged. The American Jewish Committee was formed in 1906 toattempt to influence the American government to aid persecuted Jewishcommunities overseas. Bnai Brith, a Jewish fraternal society, was set up in1843 by German Jews in America; in 1913 it instituted the Anti-Defamation Leagueto combat anti-Semitism. Today the ADL combats not just anti-Semitism, but alsoracism and other discriminants. Furthermore, The Bnai Brith Hillel Foundationhas put together Hillel Houses at major college campus throughout the country toensure that Jewish college students get an adequate religious experience. .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .postImageUrl , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:hover , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:visited , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:active { border:0!important; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:active , .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224 .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc05c987c1366dfec994e099c6a829224:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Inspire For Sleep Apnea Cause And Effect Essay Anti-Semitism in America did not become widespread until the turn of thecentury. Anti-Semitism follows Jews around; it is not part of a community unlessJews live with them in that community and the gentiles dont want them there. Jews were informally ostracized from clubs and resorts, and were denied entranceto colleges and other institutes of higher learning. Moreover, it was a commonpractice to not employ Jews in particular professions and basic industries. Between World War I and World War II the United States placed limits on thenumber of Jews allowed in per year. Zionism, the movement formed by Jews to getthemselves to a land that they can call their own, had a definite impact onAmerican Jewry during Zionisms times of development and execution. AmericanZionism was affected by German and East European Jews coming to America.. Although the small membership of the American Zionist movement was almostcompletely East European at first, many of its leaders came from the olderGerman group. By 1915, Zionism began to attract prominent American-born figures,such as Louis D. Brandeis, who is most famous as being the first Jew to serve onthe Supreme Court. Brandeis and his associates added a distinctly American noteinto Zionism, rejecting the belief that the diaspora was a form of exile, andalso that Zionism tried to address the dangerous problem of dual loyalty forpatriotic Jewish Americans. For Brandeis, American and Zionist ideals reinforcedeach other. The occurrences of intermarriage (a Jew marrying a gentile) was notonly extremely rare in the first generation of American Jews, it was alsounheard of and rarely talked about. Today, love commonly crosses the borders ofreligion; intermarriages are common. Although divorce is allowed by the Jewishreligion, it also happened once in a blue moon in those times. In Amer ica today,every other marriage ends in a divorce. The parents tried to push their childrenfor them to have a better life (i.e., material wealth), a better job, and abetter education than they themselves did. The primary reason for this is so theparents would know that their children could adequately support them in old age. Today, the curve has changed. This happens on a much lower rate, andthe chances that it happens again (on the same scale the first generation ofAmerican Jews) is slim; todays economy is but one reason of many why this willhappen. Back then, only the husband worked and the universal middle-classexpectation of the wife was to stay at home and tend for the children. Ifthe wife had to work even part time during seasonal times of the year thenit shamed the family into thinking that the husband was not a good provider. Today it is not uncommon for both parents to work, and usually neither parent isashamed that both work to (simply) support the family; usually they are bothemployed such that the family can enjoy a higher standard of living. Furthermore, the advent of womens liberation has made it possible for morewomen to go out into the work force. Keeping Kosher is yet another issue thathas changed over the generations of American Jews. My mother and father, bothJews, grew up in the 1950s and 1960s, and my mothers family always kept kosher. Today, as a Jew, I have never kept kosher in my life, with the exception ofcertain holidays, and when my rabbi was watching me. Finally, the last issuewhich is a part of the Jewish-American generation gap is the Yiddish language. .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .postImageUrl , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:hover , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:visited , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:active { border:0!important; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:active , .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706 .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud2b57d83c7ac970b0b1011105f2e0706:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Juvenile delinquency and religion EssayParents spoke Yiddish often, but not to the children. They only spoke it to eachother if they did not want the kids to understand what they were talking about(i.e., marriage problems). However, because the parents did not choose to havetheir kids learn Yiddish, they may have contributed to the generation gap. Today, Yiddish is dying rapidly. Yiddish theater in New York is but one of a fewremaining areas in America that still speak the language. Today, as a Jew, Ihave never heard a Yiddish sentence only a few words here and there, likeschlemiel and zoftig and even then I am still unsureof their true meaning in the times when it was spoken freely. Scholars havepredicted the extinction of the language by 2040 AD, or 5800 on the Jewishcalendar. America has also been an influence on new kinds of Judaism. MordecaiKaplan founded the Jewish Reconstructionist movement in America in the early1900s. In 1917 he led a shul which incorporated a broad realm of cultural andrecreational activities. Five years later, he formed the Society of theAdvancement of Judaism, which believed that worship was only one of many issuesa congregation should address. His book Judaism as a Civilization called for areconstruction of Jewish life. The Jewish ReconstructionistFoundation (now the Federation of Reconstruction ist Congregations and Havurot)issued new liturgical texts in the 1940s and 1950s, and it opened theReconstructionist Rabbinic College in Philadelphia in 1968. It is an evolvingand organic kind of Judaism, which is constantly adapting itself to the needs ofthe community and the society it serves. Judaism today, largely because of theAmerican hustle-and-bustle contemporary lifestyle, is just a religion instead ofa way of life. We are now in a period of time where many options are presentedon how to be Jewish going to shul, observing the holidays, sending yourchildren to learn about the Jewish ways of life, belonging to temples and Jewishorganizations (i.e., Havurah, an attempt to revive Judaism in small socialgroups) instead of what was only one way to be Jewish. No central idea holdsit together. Theres really no one common way to be Jewish anymore.

Wisconsin Vs Yoder Essay Example For Students

Wisconsin Vs Yoder Essay The Case of Wisconsin vs. Yoder (Docket #70-110) goes back to the year 1972. Jonas Yoder and Wallace Miller were both members of the Amish religion. Adin Yutzy, also prosecuted under the Wisconsin law, represented the Conservative Amish Mennonite Church. The reason for prosecution was because there was a law that stated all children must attend public school until the age of sixteen. The three parents, all being Amish, refused to obey such a law and pulled their children out of school after the 8th grade. Their argument was that the high school attendance was contrary to their religious beliefs. The state of Wisconsin disagreed and challenged this case to the United States Supreme Court. The basic constitutional amendment that is being argued here is the freedom of religion. The case was argued on December 8, 1971 and was eventually decided on May 15, 1972. Each side had a perfectly good reason as to why they were right. The defense, (represented as being Yoder), said that the law basically threatens their religious way of life. In their opinion, the only teachings they needed were that of what they had already received up until the 8th grade. They also said that Amish parents provide training from an early age through young adults, teaching them the skills necessary to be farmers, or other skills, i.e., carpenters and parents. This training supposedly prepares them for a much better life as an Amish adult than what they would receive in formal schooling. On the states side, however, their views were much different. The state was simply enforcing a law that requires children be enrolled in school until the age of sixteen. The states other argument was that the extra schooling prepared the children for adult life. In response the defendants found it unnecessary and unjust. The state came back with the question of what will happen to the children if they leave their Amish community. In a 6-to-1 decision, the Court decided that the individuals interest in the free exercise of religion under the First Amendment outweighed the States interests in convincing school attendance past 8th grade. The Court found that the values and programs of secondary school were in sharp conflict with the fundamental mode of life mandated by the Amish religion, and that an additional one or two years of high school would not produce the benefits of public education cited by Wisconsin to justify the law. In the opinion of Chief Justice Burger:?The Amish have a legitimate reason for removing their children from school prior to their attending high school. The qualities emphasized higher education (self-distinction, competitiveness, scientific accomplishment, etc.) are contrary to Amish values. Additionally, attendance in high school hinders the Amish community by depriving them of the labor of their children and limiting their ability to instill appropriate values in their adolescents. A states interest in universal education must be balanced against the legitimate claims of special groups of people. The State cites two interests in compulsory education: to create a citizenry to participate in our political system and to prepare self-supportive people. The Court agrees with the Amish that an additional one or two years of education will not significantly affect either of these interests.?

The Cask of Amontillado an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The Cask of Amontillado Poes Cask of Amontillado depicts dominant themes of the times in which the essay is set, 19th Century Europe with the plot denoting Italian aristocracy. Revenge of insults real and imaginary and burying people alive were two themes of the era. Poe was alive to these trends and hence has very effectively capitalized on the same throughout the plot. The theme thus revolves around an aristocrat; Montresor seeking revenge on an Italian nobleman Fortunato who he feels has insulted and not just injured him. As an member of the aristocracy of noble birth Montresor is reconciled to an injury, but his vanity cannot tolerate insult and he thus seeks revenge. Need essay sample on "The Cask of Amontillado" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Poes allusion to revenge as the centrality of the plot is direct and forthcoming. The opening paragraph of, The Cask of Amontillado highlights this to the reader in no uncertain terms stating that the protagonist, will seek avenge at length. (Poe, 1991). This is emphasized throughout the paragraph in various forms. Revenge is indicated as a definitive issue to be settled for being scorned. To underline the theme further, Montresor states that the nature of his soul being such, revenge has not been uttered by him as a mere threat but something which will be carried to conclusion. The intent of retribution is also indicated with the emphasis on punishment not just being given but done so with impunity. But perhaps the final sentence in the opening paragraph appears to seal the argument of the plot which indicates that if revenge overtakes the redresser as well as when it is not felt as such by the wrong doer the wrong is not addressed properly. The setting of the plot is also appropriate to the theme of revenge. Poe provides an interesting backdrop in the form of contrast between the carnival and dark catacombs. The carnival represents joy and happiness which is central to the occasion; on the other hand the labyrinthine catacombs represent death. By transforming his victim from a location representing joy to one representing death, the impact of revenge is heightened through the stark contrast. Montresors family motto, "Nemo me impune lacessit", literally translated means, No one can attack me without being punished. This is another indication of vengeance being the foundation of the story. (Silverman, 1991). This comes about some where in the final paragraphs leaving no doubt in the minds of the reader that this is a story of revenge. Tales of revenge amongst the aristocracy of the 19th Century in Europe have been many. The motto of many people of high birth has been render punishment to those who have personally scorned them. That this reprisal can be for reasons which are not so substantial is indicated by the author through lack of evidence for Montresors ire against Fortunato only indicating it as a series of vile invectives imposed upon him over a period. This is also typical of the times, when aristocrats found reasons to despise each other and indulge in scandalous activity in Europe in the 19th Century. (Levine, 1990). The plot of revenge thus fits in well with the flavor of the times as well as environment of aristocracy in which Poe has placed it. The ironic twists in the plot are both dramatic as well as verbal. Dramatic irony is indicated by the reader becoming aware of the fate of Fortunato much before he himself does so. This is indicated by Poe in the opening paragraph with Montresor not only speaking of revenge but the finality and certainty of it. Fortunato on the other hand remains oblivious of his fate for which the author provides a veneer of partial inebriation as the story unfolds and gradually more so as they descend down the catacombs. The name Fortunato indicating the fortunate is also ironic, as the reader is aware that he is likely to be sacrificed to the vile intent of the protagonist, Montresor. Of verbal irony there are many examples however the most significant one could be that of Montresor vehemently agreeing with Fortunato when he indicates to him that he will not die of cough. Perhaps he knew too well that this was not to be, given the plans for burying alive that he had for his victim. The use of mason is also ironic. While Fortunato refers to it as the society of Masons, for Montresor it is literal, a role which he has planned for himself in burying Fortunato. Similarly the final words, In pace requiescat are also ironic. They seem to indicate not just rest in peace but respite in a monastic prison. There are many more examples of dramatic irony indicated in the plot weaved by Poe. The dress of Fortunato who has come to attend the carnival with bells on his cap is symbolic of this sarcasm. It perhaps represents a man going to his death bed with bells tolling past. The narrative brings out ringing of the bells as a symbol of derision many times of over. Is the man ringing in his death, some readers may seem to derive. As the two go deeper into the labyrinth, the reader may sense certain sinister forebodings in the jingling of bells each time. In another sense too the dress could be considered as ironic. Fortunato is dressed as a jester or a clown, most appropriate for the carnival but hardly correct for a man going to his death bed. The irony is two fold. As Montresor chains and buries Fortunato, his feeling that it was just a jest may not be too far fetched, given the overall mood of the occasion of the carnival and his dress as a clown. On the other hand the dress is also representative of the fact that Montresor was making a, fool out of Fortunato. Another indication of irony is the snub on Italians who Montresor calls as lacking virtuoso spirit and always attempting to suit their audience be it from Austria or Britain particularly when they are rich and wealthy. The fondness and taste of Italians for wine receives special mention by Poe, underlining their vanity. The irony is also evident as he takes Fortunato into the vault. At each stage, he highlights to him that he is of rich taste, high birth and endearing. A false sense of self importance and greatness is created so that he is taken on by this aura and then led deeper into the burial chamber to achieve revenge. This impact is also subtly highlighted by Poe by interjecting Fortunatos persistent cough. This provides Montresor a reason to suggest to Fortunato, that he should not go into the vault which is damp thereby aggravating his cough. But this only increases Fortunatos anxiousness to taste Amontillado further. As they proceed through the great labyrinth of vaults, Montresor offers Medoc to relieve the cough. As Fortunato remarks that he drinks to the spirit of those buried around them perhaps ominously without knowing that he would also be one of them in a short while. On the other hand irony is also evident with the words of Montresor who drinks to the long life of the person whom he was about to kill. The reader in the meanwhile may remain curious to know the ultimate outcome at each interjection of cough and suggestion to call off their descent. Montressor offers to return even as the dampness in the cellars increases and uses Fortunatos cough as a medium for the same. The irony of the situation where he is taking a man down to his death while at the same time inducing him to return is not lost on the reader. And this is what creates suspense. Will Fortunato follow Montresor to the death chamber or not? Will he fall to the repeated minions of Montresor to turn back or his own lure for the elusive wine? The suspense slowly unfolds as the two men go down the labyrinthine tunnels. Fortunatos final call not for mercy but to relieve him of the jest as the mistress would be waiting also represents dramatic irony as well as suspense. As they move down, Montressor shows him a masons trowel in an offensive gesture, and the reader is left wondering if Fortunato will get the hint. But it is not to be, the suspense hangs on as they proceed further down the vaults. At each stage of the move down the cellar, Montressor fortifies his victim with more wine to prepare him for the final journey so that when they reach the final crypt, Fortunato is sufficiently inebriated to fall easily into the trap laid out for him. Thus as he finds himself at a dead end facing a rock; Montressor easily chains him without much difficulty. And then Poe narrates the arduous manner in which Montressor buries his friend erecting tier upon tier slowly and steadily. At each stage he has a look within and the reader has a feeling that he may stop the masonry and rescue Fortunato, but that is not to be and the suspense hangs on. The suspense of the plot also lies in the reader expecting the reason for Montresors revenge, yet till the end there is not even a hint of the same. This may give an impression that the revenge sought by Montresor was not so grave and could be an imaginary grouse, perhaps a statement against the aristocracy of the times intended by Poe. Yet as Poe maintains anxiety, even as Montresor is burying Fortunato brick by brick covered elaborately in narration, the reader could have possibly been given an inkling of the underlying cause of the rivalry which has led to this misfortune. Poe keeps us waiting leading to the surmise that the cause may not be very grave and also that the narrator may not be wholly stable. Reference: Levine, Stuart and Susan. Ed. (1990). The Short Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe: An Annotated Edition. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Poe, Edgar Allan. (1991). A Study of the Short Fiction. Ed. Charles E. May. Boston: Twayne Publishers. Silverman, Kenneth. (1991) Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

A Centenarian is Probably Not a Centurion

A Centenarian is Probably Not a Centurion A Centenarian is Probably Not a Centurion A Centenarian is Probably Not a Centurion By Maeve Maddox A reader was startled when a television announcer misused the word centurion: Perhaps one of your columns could cover the meanings of â€Å"centurion† and â€Å"centenarian.† A news anchor on KTTC-TV, Rochester, Minn., just announced â€Å"There is a new centurion in Clear Lake, Iowa.† (This â€Å"new centurion† is a woman celebrating her 100th birthday. A centenarian centurion?) I was amused, but assumed that the anchor’s error was unique and that I wouldn’t be able to find enough material to write a post on this misuse. My assumption was that any English speaker who has read a book or watched a movie set in ancient Roman times, or who has a superficial acquaintance with the New Testament knows the historical meaning of centurion. I was wrong. The use of centurion in the place of centenarian is widespread in discussions of longevity on the Web. Here are just three examples: In this article we take lessons from the centurion communities of the world to gain priceless insight into how we too can live the longest. In Okinawa, where the life expectancy is the highest on earth, 803 of 920 centurions who were alive as of September 2011 were women. Daisy McFadden, a longtime resident of New York, will celebrate her 100th birthday this November. Still active, she believes her eating habits have greatly contributed to her longevity, as do most centurions. I found an article in a Canadian publication in which the writer acknowledges that centenarian is the word usually used to describe a person who has reached the age of one hundred, but seems to think that centurion is a better word to describe a centenarian who remains in good health: There are more than 4,600 Canadians now 100 or older. Estimates are that the United States might have a million people 100 or older by 2050. If those estimates are accurate, 43 years from now, many of those Boomers you see every day will be the new centurions, which strikes me as a better way to describe centenarians. Just as 60 is the new 50 today, 100 will be the new 90! Note: Joseph Wambaugh titled one of his novels The New Centurions. As it is about the lives of Los Angeles policemen, I don’t get the connection. Neither did Wambaugh’s British publishers, apparently. In the UK, the book was published as Precinct 45: Los Angeles Police. Centurion and centenarian are among several English words derived from the Latin word for one hundred: centum. In the ancient Roman army, a centurion was the officer in charge of a century, a unit originally comprised of 100 men. In the context of cricket, centurion refers to a player who has scored 100 runs (a century): Surrey teenager Dominic Sibley becomes youngest double centurion in County Championship history Dominic Sibley swapped school books for record books by becoming the youngest batsman in County Championship history to score a double century. This is a valid extension of meaning in a modern context. Using centurion to replace centenarian is unnecessary. Centenarian already exists with the meaning â€Å"a person who has reached the age of one hundred.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterOne Scissor?

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Executive Summary - Essay Example in the business, assess the competitors and the competitive advantage, the financial plans and projections and offer a Mission /Vision Statement that determines the success of this business. For the music industry to thrive well and secure a large market segment, it must identify itself with a tumultuous and high velocity market because of the nature of its products. In order to avail music to everyone at considerate prices, one must identify the target market and the type of music required. Jazz music originated from America, and stems from the Atlantic slave trade whereby Africans were shifted into United States. The Africans had a strong passion for traditional music and thy developed their own Jazz music. They had exceptional rhythm and used various instruments that helped them create the Jazz music, for instance, piano, and violin among others (Roberts 64). In most cases, Jazz music is played I whilst drinking and dancing. Even though, most people have a desire to join Jazz music industry, there are a lot of discouragements along the way. For instance, it is pretty expensive to hire a producer or even produce and launch music. For this reason, most people end up burying their talents. This is the reason that I plan to launch a music production center in order to cater and fight with such challenges. I plan to run the Music production center with my family in order to get both financial and moral support from them. The business shall exclusively deal in production of Jazz industry, because this is the only music that does not required a lot of expertise in creating and producing. Also, the technology used is accessible at considerable amounts (Roberts 64). Within this Production center, I plan to set up a small restaurant where people will enjoy the music and delicious food. Most of the foods in the restaurant shall be Japanese traditional foods as these mints well with the Jazz music. The central aspect of the services offered will be based on the blending